Noteworthy Features of United Arab Emirates Research Paper - 1

Noteworthy Features of United Arab Emirates - Research Paper Example It is a vibrant civil society. The study also explores that folklore; education and sports play a vital role in society. UAE Architecture is an example of the combination of traditional and modern design. UAE society has built a new culture that is an example for different countries of the world. This new culture shows how a nonhomogeneous society builds a prosperous and rich country. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a diverse and multicultural society. It is home to different ethnic groups from different parts of the world. This article is about the important features of UAE society and culture. The article first gives a brief description of the concept of society and culture. Then it discusses the features of UAE society and culture thru this concept. The fundamental element of a society is a human being, an individual. A large number of individuals who live in a geographical area and share (â€Å"The cultural concept†) certain laws, customs, beliefs, norms, languages build a society. The individuals of a society may come from one ethnic group or diverse ethnic groups. If society consists of a diverse ethnic group of people, then the members of the society share different customs, beliefs, norms, and languages. The UAE society consists of diverse ethnic groups. How to define the culture of a society? There is no formal interpretation of culture. There ar e many understandings of the concept of culture. Some understanding of culture (â€Å"Culture and People†) relates to objects like music, art, food, and literature of a group of people. Edward B. Taylor (â€Å"What is culture†), an English Anthropologist, described culture as the behavior of the members of the society. Thru knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and habits members of the society express their behavior. According to Merriam Webster dictionary (â€Å"Culture†) culture is a set of customary beliefs, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group.  

Infancy and Early Childhood Paper Essay Example for Free

Infancy and Early Childhood Paper Essay I believe Piagets theory of cognitive development best explains the cognitive development both in infancy and early childhood. His theory is explained by a theory of cognitive organization called schemes. Schemes are the actions or mental representations that organize knowledge (Santrock, 2008, p. 94). According to his theory, schemes change with age; in other words, they are action-based (motor patterns) at first and then gradually change to a mental (thinking) level. There are several key terms that explain Piagets process of developmental change; those include adaptation, assimilation, accommodation, organization, and equilibration. Sensorimotor stage is the first of the Piagets theory of cognitive development. It lasts from birth to the about 2 years of age, where awareness of the world is limited to what can be known through sensory awareness and motor acts. Furthermore, Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage into six sub-stages: 1) simple reflexes; (2) first habits and primary circular reactions; (3) secondary circular reactions; (4) coordination of secondary circular reactions; (5) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity; and (6) internalization of schemes (Santrock, 2008, p. 96). †¢Reflexive Schemes: this is present in newborns. Initially, the infants actions are coordinated through reflexive behaviors, such as rooting and sucking. But gradually the infant produces behaviors that resemble reflexes in the absence of the usual stimulus for the reflex (Santrock, 2008). †¢Primary circular reactions: it develops between 1 and 4 months of age. In this stage, infants begin to adapt their reflexes to their environment; simple motor habits are centered around own body (Caulfield, 2001)†¢Secondary circular reactions: it develops between 4 and 8 months of age. The focus of infants exploration shits to external events. Infants develop awareness that objects continue to exist even when not in sight at about 8 months of age (Caulfield, 2001)†¢Coordination of secondary circular reactions: develops between 8 and 12 months of age. Infants begin to demonstrate intentional behavior and anticipate events; they coordinate separate actions to achieve desired goals (Caulfield, 2001). †¢Tertiary circular reactions: develops between 12 and 18 months of age. Infants reach an advanced level of proficiency; they begin to explore properties of objects through novel actions (Caulfield, 2001). †¢Internalization of schemes: develops between 18 and 24 months of age. Their ability to represent the external world internally begins to develop, also called as symbolic representation. Also, deferred imitation, the ability to retain and copy a representation of an observed behavior, begins to develop (Caulfield, 2001). I also believe Piagets theory best explains the cognitive development in early childhood as well. His Preoperational period, the second stage of Piagets theory of cognitive development lasts from approximately 2 to 7 years of age. In this age, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings. Not only that, they begin to form stable concepts and embark on reasoning (Santrock, 2008, p. 145). Also, egocentricism (inability to distinguish between ones own perspective and someone elses perspective) and magical beliefs also begin to play a role in childs cognitive development. There are different sub-stages of the preoperational stage. Symbolic function sub-stage is the first sub-stage of the pre-operational thought. In this stage, the child has the capability to mentally represent an object that is not physically present. This stage occurs between the ages of 2 and 4 years of age. The Intuitive Thought Sub-stage, the second sub-stage of preoperational thought that generally occurs between 4 and 7 years of age. In this stage, children are tempted to ask many questions. In other words, one of the most prominent words for the children around this age is why. There are many similarities and differences between the Piagets theory of cognitive development that explains infancy and early childhood. Similarities †¢Both the selected theories that I believe best describes cognitive development in infancy and early childhood come from Piaget. †¢Both theories have stages (Sensorimotor and preoperational) and are further divided into sub-stages. †¢Both theories rely on the assumption that infants and children actively construct an understanding of the world. †¢Both theories give a time frame of when the stages and the sub- stages occur†¢Both theories have limitations. Differences †¢Sensorimotor stage deals with infants from birth to 2 years of age and Preoperational stage deals with early childhood that generally occurs between the ages of 2 and 7. †¢Sensorimotor is the stage one of the Piagets theory of cognitive development; whereas preoperational period is stage two of his theory. †¢The limitation of the sensorimotor stages rests on the accuracy of the timing of the events that Piaget mentioned; whereas the limitation of the Pre-operational thought rests on the concepts such as centration and conservation. Therefore, in this paper, I have considered Piagets theory to explain cognitive development in both infancy and early childhood. I have also considered the similarities and differences between the two theories. References Caulfield, R. A. (2001). Infants and toddlers. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice HallSantrock, J. W. (2008). Essentials of life-span development. NY: McGraw-Hill.

The Report Of Hots Simulation Tourism Essay

The Report Of Hots Simulation Tourism Essay The main purpose of this report was to create a marketing strategy to increase the profit of the hotel. The hotel faced some difficulties with their operation and management. In order to improve those problems, the marketing plan needed to be identified and some market strategies should be formulated. The report comprised the marketing strategic plan for five years, which had been created after SWOT analysis. According to the strategies, the marketing plan had be designed an action plan which would specify activities implemented to accomplish the goals of organization. Through identifying and analyzing marketing strategic plan, the hotel could overcome their difficulties more smoothly. 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Company Background The traditional hotel was built in the 1950s and located on the seafront in a town, close to other hotels and a short distance from the main shopping centre and the nearest airport. There were good road, rail and bus links to major cities and other resorts. The hotel had 250 guest rooms with large, comfortable and vary in decorative style and standard. The hotel also provided several leisure facilities, 24 hours front desk, car parking. However, the business experienced its reduction stage by its inappropriate marketing strategy. Moreover, the business was greatly affected by competitive environment and high turnover rate of employee. 2.2 Competition Information There were three direct competitions existing in this area and competing for the same market. The Table 2-1 showed the information below. Table 2-1: General hotel information Hotel Star Rating Rooms Service Our Hotel None 250 A full service restaurant Pub bar with snack service A small swimming pool Car parking The Palace Hotel 4 Star 150 À la carte Restaurant and Coffee Shop Two bars Health Club Conference and Business Bureau Car Parking to rear The Park Hotel 3 Star 200 Restaurant Bar Small Health Club Conference Facilities and Business Services Ample Car Parking The Mariner 2 Star 70 Restaurant Bar Two Conference Rooms Car Parking Source: HOTS background document Table 2-2: Price information The Palace Hotel The Park Hotel The Mariner Weekday Room Price  £125.00  £89.00  £69.50 Weekend Room Price  £90.00  £42.50  £65.00 Lunch Price  £33.00  £25.00  £19.75 Dinner Price  £59.75  £43.50  £36.75 Tours Price  £67.50/person  £46.25/person  £41.50/person Source: HOTS market research These properties provided similar facilities and service. Furthermore, they also focused on business needs providing conference facilities, and incorporate more leisure facilities than our hotel provided. 2.3 Aims and Objectives Aim: The aim of this report was to reduce the level of staff turnover and increase the revenue of hotel. Objectives To identify current approaches to reduce staff turnover. To determine marketing strategy to increase hotel operating margins To make conclusions and recommendations for further operation. 3.0 Strategic Planning Process Olsen (2007) mentioned that in order to create company strategic plan, it was necessary to go through the strategic planning process, including several important steps and activities. Although each company had different situation and challenge, strategic planning mode was appropriate to deal with complex work including forecasting and scheduling (Wheelen and Hunger, 2006). According to the book of Marketing Management, it provided a strategic planning process which consists of several steps such as SWOT analysis, goal and strategy, programme formulation and feedback and control, respectively (Kotler and Keller, 2009). A simplified view of the strategic planning process was shown by the following figure: Figure 2-1: Strategic planning process within a business unit Source: Adapted from Kotler and Keller (2009) 3.1 SWOT Analysis According to the strategic planning process, in order to analyze the hotel environment, SWOT analysis should be adopted in this report. Glaister and Falshaw (1999) mentioned that SWOT analysis has been ranked as the most frequently used approach for analyzing the environment. The value of SWOT analysis has been promoted because of its effectiveness in identifying the main problems concerning the organization and the simplicity of its execution (Hill and Westbrook, 1997). The main purpose of implementing a SWOT analysis was usually to offer a strategic direction for organization practices (Pickton and Wright, 1998). Moreover, Dyson (2004) claimed that the ability of SWOT analysis to integrate internal and external environments of an organization allows competitive strategy formulation more easily. Other benefits of SWOT analysis include its ability to organize information, enhance a managers understanding of the business and factors affecting its performance, and improve strategic pla ns for the business (Pickton and Wright, 1998). The following analysis demonstrated the internal strengths and weaknesses of the hotel and the opportunities and threats facing the organization in the external environment. Table 3-1: SWOT analysis Strength Weakness A short distance from the main shopping centre. The rooms are large, comfortable and vary in decorative style and standard. Near airport. Good road, rail and bus links to major cities and other resorts. Good conditions on refurbishment of rooms. Enclosed garden with a small swimming pool. Old building. No Leisure Facilities, Business Services, Conference Facilities or Meeting Rooms. Not have a star rating or AA Diamond rating. Serious staff turnover problem. Opportunity Threat The local authority decided to offer economic relocation package to small and medium size firms. The resort had become a popular location for conferences. Different kinds of popular festivals and well established tourist events were often held in the town. Convenient transportations. Too many hotels entered this market. Source: HOTS background document 3.2 The Goal of Hotel After environment analysis, the hotels goals were set up. Short-Term Goals To reduce staff turnover rate. To increase customer satisfaction. To achieve lower overall costs than rivals. To increase public awareness by advertising. To change the advertising strategies according to the environment changes. Long-Term Goals To achieve a bigger market share. To achieve lower costs relative to competitors. To achieve a stronger reputation with customers than rivals. To increase hotel operating margins. To improve the quality of hotel facilities by doing refurbishments. To improve the quality of staff services by providing training programs. Intended Strategy Selection Because of competitive environment in this area, the hotel should consider strategies for gaining a competitive advantage. This section was going to list several strategies for the hotel to achieve its aim and goals. 4.1 Competitive Advantage Due to the high expenditure of hotel, it should apply Porters generic strategy theory. Porter argued that core capabilities and intangible asset resources could formulate exhilarating competitive advantage for companies (Poter, 1980). Hofer and Schendel (1978) suggested that at the business level, the most vital component of strategy was competitive advantage, which was de ¬Ã‚ ned as the unique positions an organization develops vis-a-vis its competitors through its pattern of resource deployment and decisions of scope. Porter introduced three types of generic strategy for creating a defensible position and outperforming competitors in a given industry, included overall cost leadership, di ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erentiation, and focus. After SWOT analysis and competition information, the hotel should e ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ectively utilize overall cost leadership to create defensible positions against other competitor forces. A cost-leadership strategy could offer the hotel above-average returns because it enables firms to lower prices to match or beat their rivals and still earn profits (Philips, Chang and Buzzell, 1983). Moreover, from the perspective of customers, a cost-based marketing strategy was effective because lower price offerings appeal to customers in competitive environment (Li and Li, 2008). Through the influence on a hotels competitive advantage, it could allow hotel to reach its goals (Amit, 2006). 4.2 Promotion But, how do customers choose the hotel? It was not enough for the hotel to have good products sold at attractive prices. To generate sales and profits, the advantages of products had to be communicated to customers (Sunday and Bayode, 2011). In marketing, this was commonly known as promotion. Utilizing all possible tools for promoting the product and service was known as its promotion mix. Proper implement of promotional mix could increase the market share and improve organisation growth in the face of strong competition. (Sunday and Bayode, 2011) also claimed that the promotion mixes had a stage at which it would be most effective and advertising as well as publicity were usually suitable for all stages. Considering customer requirement in different quarter, advertising and publicity were usually adopted. Through market research, the information regarding seasonal demand and advertising effectiveness were obtained. The advertising campaign was changed which was based on these two pi eces of information. When there were high requirements on a particular item, the campaign would be focused on this particular item in order to draw more public awareness since there were several choices existed in the market. For instance, conference business, meal and liquor would be the hotel main advertisements during from Quarter 1 to Quarter 1 since it was one of the peak periods for business traveler (Figure 4-1). Figure 4-1: The hotel advertising decisions Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation 4.3 Internal Marketing High employee turnover was one of the most serious phenomena in the hotel. Arnett, Laverie and McLane (2002) pointed out that successful internal marketing strategy could lead to important payoffs for an organization. The value of internal marketing stem included low employee turnover rates, an increase in service quality, and high levels of employee satisfaction. The reduction in employee turnover could decrease the cost of recruiting and training and increase their level of job satisfaction. Furthermore, it also could increase employee satisfaction and motivate staffs to be more engaged and, as a result, they were more likely to take actions that result in improved customer satisfaction and hotel profitability. 4.4 Employee Training Employee training also could improve this problem and provide other benefits. The positive relationship among employee training, job satisfaction and intention to stay had been established (Conrade and Woods, 1994; Heskett et al., 1994; Roehl and Swerdlow, 1999). Training had been linked to improve self-esteem, reduce turnover, better product and service consistency, higher satisfaction of customer, reduce cost of business, and greater job satisfaction (Roehl and Swerdlow, 1999). Through employee training, the hotel could not only build customer satisfaction and loyalty, but increase the impact on profitability and growth, which was created by satisfied, loyal, and productive employees (Chiang, Back and Canter, 2005). 4.5 Balance Scorecard Successful performance resulted from goals achievement and strategy implementation (Wu and Hung, 2008). However, the main weaknesses of strategic management practice were usually associated with the stage of implementation. Actually, Mintzberg (1994) asserted that more than half of the strategies formulated by organizations were never actually implemented. Therefore, successful strategy implementation was not only dependent on effective strategy, but also management as well as control systems. Without control systems it was argued strategy implementation would not be implemented successfully. It had been suggested that the framework of performance management such as the Balanced Scorecard could, by forming the basis of strategic control systems and offering an important link between strategy and action, assist companies to accomplish effective strategic implementation. The Balanced Scorecard took into consideration the vision and strategies of company, focusing on both  ¬Ã‚ nancial and non- ¬Ã‚ nancial performance. It monitored short-term  ¬Ã‚ nancial performance while also highlighting the benefit of long-term  ¬Ã‚ nancial metrics and competitiveness (Kaplan and Norton, 1992, 1996, 2001).This strategic control system ensured that the hotel effort put into preparing lengthy and detailed strategic plans was completely translated into action (Bungay and Goold, 1991). The scorecard measured firm performance across four balanced perspectives: financial, customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth (Atkinson, 2006). Figure 4-2: The Balanced Scorecard four main perspectives Source: Adapted from Atkinson (2006) The Balanced Scorecard could offer specific targets so that the hotel could know what to do (Corboy and OCorrbui, 1999); could motivate down the line leadership (Beer and Eisenstat, 2000; Alexander, 1985) and could clarify strategic intent into clear managerial actions (Reed and Buckley, 1988). If the Balanced Scorecard was executed completely itself, it could implement management in an evaluation of the strategic strategy and thus avoid planning errors and prevent oversight. 5.0 Performance Measures 5.1 Financial Performance First of all, training cost was one of the important elements for the hotel bankrupt. A wrong decision was made as mentioned. High training cost had been spent in Year 2 because employees always complained such as The training here is worse than the last place I worked. After increasing this cost, it did not take a turn for the better. Employees still unsatisfied and turnover rate were still high, so several weeks later, the hotel decided to increase the training spending per person, and this action leaded high expenditure. The full training spend was shown in Appendix 1. Second, advertising cost was a major expenditure in the hotel. A large amount of money was put into sales and marketing for the purpose of advertising. In low seasons, a cost control was conducted strictly. A cheaper advertising media was preferred rather than posting advertisement in Sunday Newspaper. For example, Local Weekly Newspaper for liquor advertisements was selected as promotion medium during five years. D uring peak season, more money was allocated in order to increase business traveler awareness. The most effective and efficient medium with higher costs would be chosen, such as Business Press for weekday and weekend room. Final, in the first week of Year5, a negative net income was occurred. The hotel was almost broken and running out of cash since conference facilities were conducted. A great amount of money was put into this facility (Appendix 2). This issue indicated cost control was not well in the hotel. According to the balance sheets of 5 years, a total current liability fluctuated significantly, but the total asset and the owners equity of the hotel decreased steadily from year1 to year5. The table of those items was shown down below: Table 5-1: Annual balance sheet Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total asset  £3,611,471  £3,125,194  £2,568,502  £1,883,081  £1,011,426 Total current liabilities  £85,464  £106,929  £84,000  £104,693  £64,390 Total owners equity  £3,526,007  £3,018,265  £2,484,502  £1,778,388  £947,036 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report The Table 5-2 and Figure 5-1 showed that the revenue was declining from year 1 to year 5. It was because after the hotel spent lots of money in the hotel rooms, facilities and promotion tools, customers still unsatisfied the service and usually ignored it. It was hard for the hotel to build up customer loyalty and receive more revenue. Table 5-2: Annual total revenue Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Revenue  £1,839,580  £1,238,893  £1,097,280  £949,309  £910,448 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report Figure 5-1: Annual revenue and profit Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report For net income, due to the increase in cost of sales, marketing, net income was decreased from year 1 to year 5. Moreover, the hotel had built many facilities to fulfill the market demands, a great amount of maintenance fees occurred. It caused a decrease in the hotel net income. It also conveyed that the hotel did not perform as well as previous, the profitability was decreasing. Table 5-3: Annual net income Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Net Income  £341,988  £-507,742  £-487,182  £-706,114  £-831,352 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report In the past 2 years, total room revenue was increased by  £189,910 from year 1 to year 2. It indicated that the hotel could attract more customers successfully. However, between year 3 and year 5 the revenue was decreased (Table 5-4). It conveyed that there were several problems existed such as customer had walked past it but they had never noticed it. Table 5-4: Annual room revenue Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Rooms Revenue  £463,547  £653,457  £595,299  £543,476  £523,456 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report FB department was the second largest revenue generator. It contributed almost 50% of total revenue of the hotel from year 1 to year 5. The table demonstrated a big increase from year 1 to year 2 as cost leadership strategy was adopted in year 1. However, in the following 3 year, no new strategies were applied and FB department revenue was decreased continually as the same as room department revenue (Table 5-5). Table 5-5: Annual food and beverage revenue Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Food and Beverage Revenue  £349,009  £542,118  £459,638  £365,980  £348,745 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report As the Table 5-6 showed, occupancy rate was increased steadily from year 1 to year 5. The occupancy rate was only increased by 11% from year 1 to year 2. Besides, average room rate was decreased slowly from year 1 to year 5 since environment became more competitive. In order to compete with our competitors and increase occupancy rate, declining room rate was a must. Moreover, REVPAR had also increased slowly from  £15.9 to  £17.9, and the main reason was the effect of the competitive environment. What the hotel could do was to adjust the average room rate in order to control the hotel business. Table 5-6: Annual occupancy rate, average room rate and REVPAR Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Occupancy rate 27.1% 38.2% 37.0% 34.5% 32.7% Average Room Rate  £58.76  £58.74  £55.31  £54.16  £54.82 REVPAR  £15.9  £22.4  £20.4  £18.7  £17.9 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report 5.2 None-Financial Performance Training was an important section in the hotel operation. Decisions were made according to different periods and market needs to allocate the numbers of staff in each department. And the range between the increase or decrease number of employee was  ±3. To the payroll of the employee, except the department heads were Brand 2 payments, the others were set as Brand 1. And this strategy was used from the first year to the fifth year. However, in week 62, all Brand 1 payments were changed in to Brand 2 in order to increase the employee satisfaction and reduce staff turnover. Training affected the employee quality in terms of the input of the training cost. Overall the five years operation time, training cost kept increasing each year. The hotel wanted to provide excellent service to their customer by increasing the staff quality. Better qualities of staff and service leaded to have positive feedbacks from hotel customers such like Service could not be improved much. Therefore, more pos itive feedbacks leaded to greater market awareness and share (Appendix 3). The hotel had serious staff turnover problems in several years and received not good comments from the customers such as You never see the same member of staff twice. However, after the hotel implemented the internal marketing and training, the staff turnover rate decreased significantly from 123.8% to 54.2% (Table 5-7). Table 5-7: Annual staff turnover rate Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Staff Turnover 123.8% 65.0% 76.5% 118.2% 54.2% Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report 6.0 Conclusion and Recommendations After spending 5 years to run the hotel, it was realized that there were many unpredictable incidents coming up, the management-team lacked flexible response to the upcoming challenges. Although the hotel finally bankrupted, the statistics demonstrated that the strategies had ever helped the hotel performance well in Year 2 and earned profit. The hotel market share also increased during a five-year period. Moreover, the management team solved the problem of employee turnover by increasing the training expense and salary. For future action, it suggested that due to the town had become a popular location for conferences, conference room should be built at first rather than the last year. This strategy could attract more businessmen and increased hotel competitiveness in this area. Furthermore, building conference room also had another advantage for the hotel, which provided extra facilities for customers to increase their satisfaction.

Scientific Empiricism Essay -- Essays Papers

Scientific Empiricism In 1513, Nicholas Copernicus, composed a brief theory that stated that the sun is at rest and the earth is in rotation around the sun. In 1543, just days before his death, Copernicus published this theory in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. This theory was meant to dissolve the long lived belief in Ptolemyà ­s theory which stated, "The earth was at the center because it was the heaviest of objects(Kagan331)." This was a common belief at that time, which supported the religious beliefs that the earth was the center of the universe and God in the heavens were surrounding the earth. Copernicusà ­s theory was shocking, but he published such a controversial theory without sufficient evidence, it had to be considered invalid. Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer, held a great belief in the importance of empiricism in relation to scientific theories. He was one of the greatest opposer of Copernicusà ­s On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Brahe believed the Copernicus theory was not founded on a sufficient amount of "practice." Charles W. Morris, an author of The Encyclopedia and Unified Science who specialized in Scientific Empiricism, believes that practice is found at the heart of empiricism. Morris defines the importance of practice in scientific theories as: "The activity which gives rise to the sentences of science is, like any other systematic activity proceeding in terms of rules or canons(72)." It was based on these feelings of empiricism that inspired Brahe to, "collect the most accurate astronomical data that have ever been acquired by observation with the naked eye(Kagan331)." Brahe held the common belief among empiricist that, "It is willing and able to admit i... ... been the underlying factor in many scientific advancements. Morris believes that, "It is an empiricism which, because of this orientation and the use of powerful tools of logical analysis, has become positive in temper and co-operative in attitude and is no longer condemned to the negative skeptical task of showing defects in the methods and results of its opponents(Neurath68)." The great accomplishments of Brahe, Kepler, Newton and the many others are due to the advancement of scientific empiricism. Works Cited - Kagan, Donald, Ozment, Steven, and Turner, Frank M.. The Western Heritage. Vol. 2. New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1996 - MacKinnon, Edward A.. The Problem of Scientific Realism. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts, 1972. - Neurath, Otto, et al. Encyclopedia and Unified Science. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1938. Scientific Empiricism Essay -- Essays Papers Scientific Empiricism In 1513, Nicholas Copernicus, composed a brief theory that stated that the sun is at rest and the earth is in rotation around the sun. In 1543, just days before his death, Copernicus published this theory in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. This theory was meant to dissolve the long lived belief in Ptolemyà ­s theory which stated, "The earth was at the center because it was the heaviest of objects(Kagan331)." This was a common belief at that time, which supported the religious beliefs that the earth was the center of the universe and God in the heavens were surrounding the earth. Copernicusà ­s theory was shocking, but he published such a controversial theory without sufficient evidence, it had to be considered invalid. Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer, held a great belief in the importance of empiricism in relation to scientific theories. He was one of the greatest opposer of Copernicusà ­s On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Brahe believed the Copernicus theory was not founded on a sufficient amount of "practice." Charles W. Morris, an author of The Encyclopedia and Unified Science who specialized in Scientific Empiricism, believes that practice is found at the heart of empiricism. Morris defines the importance of practice in scientific theories as: "The activity which gives rise to the sentences of science is, like any other systematic activity proceeding in terms of rules or canons(72)." It was based on these feelings of empiricism that inspired Brahe to, "collect the most accurate astronomical data that have ever been acquired by observation with the naked eye(Kagan331)." Brahe held the common belief among empiricist that, "It is willing and able to admit i... ... been the underlying factor in many scientific advancements. Morris believes that, "It is an empiricism which, because of this orientation and the use of powerful tools of logical analysis, has become positive in temper and co-operative in attitude and is no longer condemned to the negative skeptical task of showing defects in the methods and results of its opponents(Neurath68)." The great accomplishments of Brahe, Kepler, Newton and the many others are due to the advancement of scientific empiricism. Works Cited - Kagan, Donald, Ozment, Steven, and Turner, Frank M.. The Western Heritage. Vol. 2. New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1996 - MacKinnon, Edward A.. The Problem of Scientific Realism. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts, 1972. - Neurath, Otto, et al. Encyclopedia and Unified Science. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1938.

Health and social care unit 7 Essay

Behaviourist approach, people believe that behaviour has been learned when we are younger and effects us later on in life e.g. if a child is too strictly potty trained then may effect them later on in life, and could have OCD Freud believed this. Classical conditioning is a theory discovered by Pavlov a Russian physiologist he worked on dogs and the digestive system before this study people believed that saliva was produced when food in in the mouth but then Pavlov found out it happened when the dog saw the food, possibly smelling the food. Pavlov used classical conditioning, his experiment was used with a dog. When the bell rings the dog doesn’t do anything until after a while Pavlov gives the dog a treat every time the bell is rung so every time the bell rings now the dog will start salivating. This is how systematic desensitisation works, people associate a fear or a phobia by something they may of seen the say that an accident may have occurred causing the phobia e.g. if a man had a car accident and the car that crashed in to him was blue, the man may have a fear of blue now because of this (the dog learning that food comes with the ring of the bell) psychologists can help this by slowly showing the man that blue isn’t scary by talking about the colour, seeing the word written on paper then seeing the colour and being comfortable with it, this is then cured of the fear this is called the Hierarchy of fear. This reaction can’t be learned so he called this unconditioned response. This theory is what psychologists use to look at phobias, it shows that there is always something too set a behaviour off e.g. if something bad happened in your life and the most thing you remember is a poster on the wall or even a song you listened to that night, you could develop a phobia of that poster or song. The best way to help this is to find the cause and ask the patient to make a list of their worst fear about that phobia. This is where operant conditioning comes in, this is used to help peoples frame of mind, they use reinforcement techniques and create more appropriate behaviour. â€Å"Let’s say that at your house whenever someone flushes the toilet the shower gets crazy hot. After a while, you learn to jump out of the shower stream whenever you hear the toilet flush. A guest at your house won’t know that this happens, so she will jump out of the stream of water when it gets hot but not when the toilet flushes.† http://instruction.blackhawk.edu 20:39 18/12/12

Letter memo reports Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Letter memo reports Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Letter memo reports Keep it short put revelent information on the paper practice good organization Keep the focus your center - reader center Keep your correspondence focused on reader"I received the report today" not as good as "Your report arrived today." Exercise sort out important information reorganize sentenience Structure to deliver good and bad news When you're delivering good news in a letter or memo, use a direct approach. Put the good news in a summary statement at the beginning, then fill in the details. End with a goodwill statement. When delivering bad news, you should know how to do it in two different ways. Directly and Indirectly (the only exception to the "bottomline" rule). Study the structural approach used by different cultures in their correspondence if you want to make a good impression Indirect approach Begin with a neutral or pleasant opening statement related to the subject. This is the buffer. Give the reasons or circumstances leading to the bad news. State the bad news in as positive terms as possible. Give a helpful suggestion or alternative, if one exists. Close with a goodwill statement. encounter less resistance feel more prepared for bad news easy to accept Don't mislead the reader with an opening that's too positive (It's a glorious day for workers everywhere; however, you didn't get the job.). Keep the explanation short. Too much detail is hard to get through when you're nervous. Make sure the reader is clear about the bad news. Don't use negative language if there's a positive way to say the bad news. You've just given bad news: end with a goodwill statement, not artificial cheer.

Black Boy Essays (1138 words) - Discrimination, Hatred, Racism

Black Boy Essays (1138 words) - Discrimination, Hatred, Racism Black Boy One main point of the United States Constitution was missing from the Jim Crow South: equality. The Constitution clearly states that all men are created equal, but in the Jim Crow era, blacks were continuously persecuted for something that would be acceptable today. During slavery the South was a place of racial prejudice, discrimination, and hate. Blacks could be punished for simply looking at a white person the wrong way. Punishments included arrests, beatings, even lynchings were a common part of the age. Blacks in this time were considered second class citizens and had basically no rights what so ever. Blacks that Richard knew, dealt with racism in different ways. One way that Richards friend Griggs dealt with racism was to learn to act how whites wanted him to. He wouldnt do anything to make white people mad. Some advice that Griggs gave to Richard was to, learn how to live in the South (217). He told him to get out of white peoples way and to not make them mad. Griggs main advice was to act like a black boy is suppose to. Another person who had to deal with racism was the hotel maid at Richards old job at a hotel. She was walking out of the hotel with Richard and a white security guard grabbed her butt. Even though she knew exactly what happened, she just kept on walking. Richard asked her, How could you let him do that (234). She replied, It dont matter. They do that all the time (234). The hotel maid had encountered this abuse a lot so she was used to it, knowing if she spoke up she would be punished. Richard wanted to do something but she just told him, You woulda been a fool if you had done something (234). By this she meant to let whites do whatever they pleased. Shorty, an elevator operator, dealt with racism in a different way. As he was working the elevators one day, a white man got on. In desperate need of a quarter for lunch, he asked the white man for one. The white man refused, so Shorty stopped the elevator. He wouldnt go to the mans floor until he gave him a quarter. Shorty pulled down his pants and told him he could kick him in the butt for 25 cents. The guy did and gave the money to Shorty. Richard, who was on the elevator observing everything that had happened, said, A quarter cant pay you for what he did to you (270). Shorty just replied Yeah but my ass is tough and quarters are scarce (270). Shorty is a daring boy and he would do what ever it takes to get ahead in life. On the other hand Richard himself coped with racism in many different ways. One racist situation that Richard encountered was when he was suppose to read his valedictorian speech at his graduation. A couple of days before Richards graduation the principle of Richards school called him in to his office. The principle gave Richard a prepared speech to read for the graduation. Richard explained to him that he had already wrote a speech. The principle told him, Listen boy, your going to speak to both white and colored people that night. What can you alone think of saying to them (206). Angered, Richard responded, The people are coming to hear the students and I wont make a speech that youve written (206). The thought of not reading a speech that Richard wrote was terrible to Richard. He wanted to read his own speech so he could feel pride in something that he worked hard on. Another situation that Richard had to cope with racism was when he worked in a clothing store. He saw his boss and his bosses son beat a black woman half to death. He didnt have much options but to sit there and continue doing his job. When Richard witnessed this he was outside on the sidewalk. I watched out of the corner of my eyes, but I never slackened the strokes of my chamois upon the brass (212), he described. He thought it was right to sit their and not act on anything that

The Story Behind the Phrase Kilroy Was Here

The Story Behind the Phrase Kilroy Was Here For a few years during and after World War II, he was ubiquitous: a doodle of a big-nosed man, peering over a wall, accompanied by the inscription Kilroy was here. At the height of his popularity, Kilroy could be found just about everywhere: in bathrooms and on bridges, in school cafeterias and on homework assignments, in the holds of Navy ships and painted on the shells of Air Force missiles. A classic Bugs Bunny cartoon from 1948, Haredevil Hare, shows just how deeply Kilroy had penetrated into pop culture: thinking hes the first rabbit to land on the moon, Bugs is oblivious to the slogan Kilroy was here prominently etched on a rock behind him. The Prehistory of Kilroy Was Here Where did the meme- and thats exactly what it was, 50 years before the invention of the internet- Kilroy was here come from? Well, graffiti itself has been around for thousands of years, but the Kilroy drawing seems to have derived from a similar graffito, Foo was here, popular among Australian servicemen during World War I; this was also a depiction of a big-nosed cartoon figure peering over a wall, but it was not accompanied by any words. Around the same time  Kilroy was popping up in unexpected places in the U.S., another doodle, Mr. Chad, was appearing in England. The Chad doodle may have derived from the Greek symbol for Omega, or it may have been a simplified adaptation of a circuit diagram; whatever the case, it carried the same someone is watching connotation as Kilroy. At some point shortly before the outbreak of World War II, it seems, Foo, Chad, and Kilroy merged their memetic DNA and mutated into the classic Kilroy was here. Where Did Kilroy Come From? As to the derivation of the name Kilroy, thats a matter of some dispute. Some historians point to James J. Kilroy, an inspector at the Fore River Shipyard in Braintree, MA, who supposedly wrote Kilroy was here on various parts of ships as they were being built (after the ships were completed, these inscriptions would have been inaccessible, hence Kilroys reputation for getting into impossible-to-reach locations). Another candidate is Francis J. Kilroy, Jr., a soldier in Florida, sick with the flu, who wrote Kilroy will be here next week on the wall of his barracks; since this story only appeared in 1945, though, it seems doubtful that Francis, rather than James, was the source of the Kilroy legend. Of course, its also possible that neither James nor Francis Kilroy were involved in any way, and that the name Kilroy was conjured up from scratch by a bored G.I. At this point, we should mention a 2007 documentary, Fort Knox: Secrets Revealed, which aired in 2007 on the History Channel. The premise of the show is that Fort Knox was loaded with gold in 1937, but only made accessible to the public in the 1970s- so the producers at the History Channel could uncork part of the forts innards and visit a time capsule of pre-war America. In the documentary, Kilroy was here can be seen written on a wall inside the vault, which would imply that the origin of this meme dates to no later than 1937. Unfortunately, it was later revealed by one of the shows consultants that the vault footage was recreated (i.e., completely made up), which should make you think twice about the historical accuracy of anything aired on this cable channel! Kilroy Was Here Goes to War The four years of World War II were a tough, dangerous, and often lonely slog for Americas servicemen, who needed any form of entertainment they could get. In this regard, Kilroy was here functioned as a morale booster- when U.S. soldiers landed on a beachhead, they would often see this meme inscribed on a wall or fence nearby, presumably planted there by an advance reconnaissance team. As the war progressed, Kilroy was here became an emblem of pride, carrying the message that no place, and no country, was beyond the reach of Americas might (and especially not if Kilroy was here happened to be painted on the side of a missile penetrating deep into enemy territory). Amusingly, neither Josef Stalin nor Adolf Hitler, two dictators not known for their sense of humor, could quite make sense of  Kilroy was here. The famously paranoid Stalin was reportedly unsettled when he glimpsed a Kilroy was here graffito in a bathroom stall at the Potsdam Conference in Germany; presumably he instructed the NKVD to find the individual responsible and have him shot. And Kilroy was here was inscribed on so many pieces of American ordinance recovered by the Germans that Hitler wondered if Kilroy was a master spy, along the lines of the yet-to-be-invented James Bond! Kilroy has had a robust afterlife. Old memes never truly go away; they persist out of historical context, so that a six-year-old watching Adventure Time or reading a Peanuts comic strip from the 1970s will be aware of this phrase, but not of its origins or its connotations. Its not only the case that Kilroy was here; Kilroy is still among us, in comic books, video games, TV shows, and all sorts of pop-culture artifacts.

Conduct Disorder and it's affect on African American Males Research Proposal

Conduct Disorder and it's affect on African American Males - Research Proposal Example Until the society adopts a new orientation about the basic problem and undertake modern therapy to invite all African Americans males in the mainstream, give respectful understanding and let them feel self esteemed the problem can't be solved for good. Over the last ten years, young Africans American males have been over represented in virtually every negative social conditions of American society. These include incarceration, crime victimization, poverty and unemployment. Currently, nearly one of three or 32.2 percent of African Americans numbering 8, 17400 are under criminal justice supervision such as incarceration, probation, and parole. They have the strongest likelihood of being victims of perpetrator of murder, robbery and aggravated assault. (IvoryAchebeToldson, Esoteric group therapy: Counseling African American adolescent males with conduct disorder remarks in the journal of African American studies) This is a dismal picture of African Americans adults in USA. Approximately five percent of all children in the United States, ages 4-17, suffer from conduct disorder, which involves chronic, serious anti-social behavior problems. Likely symptoms that are found in such boys are frequent and persistent lying, physical cruelty, sexual activity fire-setting, vandalism forcible or stealing that begins much earlier than normal juvenile delinquency and is much more severe. African American males between 15 years to nineteen years die from homicides, which is as high as 46 times compared to the white counterparts. During 1980-1995 the rate of suicide among this age group had increased from 5.6 to 13.8 per hundred thousand of population. This is reverse trend compared to the earlier trend when European American youths had more suicide rates than the African American. "These figures should not be surprising since adolescent African-American males in contemporary American society face major challenges to their psychological development and well-being. In addition to dealing with the physical, mental and emotional issues typically experienced during adolescence, adolescent African-American males are confronted with unique social and environmental stressors. They must frequently cope with racism and its associated stressors, including family stressors, educational stressors, and urban stressors," said Dr. Xanthos. Conduct disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis defined as "a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others and major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated," Rolf Loeber, Ph.D., of the University of Pittsburgh, and colleagues investigated the relationship between Conduct disorder (CD) in young men and carrying a concealed gun with him. He showed how gun carrying is associated with crime in adulthood. He asserts that using weapons is also a symptom of CD, but he is not certain about how many boys with CD illegally carry concealed guns before the age of 18 and

Accounting tools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting tools - Essay Example Most of the companies are getting dominated by the international competition. The primary cause of this competition is demand based supply and widely accepted e-commerce. Since, the utilization of management accounting tools is important for most of the companies with the aim of developing logical and reliable business strategies. The primary features of management accounting are to help the organisation in the area of decision making, control and support strategic planning (Kaplan and Norton, 1996, p.58). In this essay, the researcher will stress on the different aspects of management accounting tools and the effectiveness of management accounting tools. Discuss and evaluate the purpose and effectiveness of management accounting for modern business In the modern business firms, the management accounting is mainly used for taking competitive decision making by collecting, communicating information and processing. This tool helps the management of the organisation to control, evaluate and plan on business process. This tool also relates to the present strategy of the business firm with the existing ones. The function of management accounting is multidimensional and interrelated with the various departments. The mechanism contributes in monitoring different activities in business and helps the businesses to meet the goal of the organisation. In this function, the management and the board is mainly focussed on those activities which are the key drivers of future financial result. This controlling activities influence the corporate governance activities of the organisation. With the help of various analysis report, the management accounting track the lack in control system also and measure the divergence from the expected result. In the variance analysis, the management compares the expected performance with the actual performance (Brickley, Smith and Zimmerman, 2005, p.256). The approval of financial decision also depends on the management accounting decision. Mos t of the members of the audit committee (at least 40 %) hold the specific qualification. But it has been seen that the common management accounting tools is used by the audit committee rather than the directors of the business firm. In this point of view, at the time of taking financial decisions, management accounting reports are not adequately presented. On the other side, it is noted that the decision of Director is not sufficient for 69 % of the companies. Most of the major financial decisions are taken by the senior management of the company by utilizing the key areas of management accounting tools (Blocher et al. 2010, p.54). Most of the traditional business firms did not evaluate the performance of CEOs and senior management before general annual meetings. The management accounting tools determinates the financial results from various segment of operation that signifies the performance of CEOs. The modern businesses maintain good corporate governance practices by following co des of business practices, compliance to relevant laws and rules and regulation. The corporate behaviour is important to maintain the corporate governance. So, corporate behaviour should be stringent in corporate DNA by maintaining the principals and ethics. The management accounting mechanism sets the standard behaviour for the purpose of hard coding. This mechanism also provides the periodic report which highlights corporate culture monitoring result. On the other side, this is a tool which is a custodian of ethics. So, it is very easy for the business firms to trace the fraud and mal practices. Comprehensive Implementation of Management Accounting Tools: In this part the researcher

Teaching strategies to students with severe disabilities who are Research Paper

Teaching strategies to students with severe disabilities who are second language learners - Research Paper Example This paper shall discuss the various strategies which can be applied by the teacher in order to effectively teach students with severe disabilities who are also second language learners. Body Learning impaired students refer to students who have been diagnosed with learning disabilities, disabilities which are ranging from processing deficits (input, integration, storage, or output) (Rathus, 2010). It also includes function impairment, developmental dyslexia, dysphagia, aphasia, as well as low IQ scores. These impairments often imply that the students are not performing well in school and may be even delayed in their studies (Rathus, 2010). Second language students are those students who are in the process of learning a second language. More often than not, they may be immigrant students trying who are not native English speakers. The challenge in this case is how the teacher can communicate with the second language students, especially those students who are learning impaired. The t eacher must develop strategies in order to manage the challenges in teaching these students. Schools are institutions which represent the richness and diversity of culture and languages, including customs and traditions. For most students, parents, and other educators, establishing ways by which to instruct all children effectively and meaningfully is considered a professional and pedagogical responsibility (Lopez-Reyna, 2002). Specifically, ways to manage the knowledge which many people have established from the bilingual and special education fields have also been established by various academicians. Crucial to the process of teaching children is to secure a thorough understanding of his or her learning based on his or her specific learning skills, weaknesses, and needs (Wagner, et.al., 2005). There is a need to secure a complete and informal evaluation in order to ensure that the teacher understands what the child knows, and what he already understands. The primary assumption on learning is that there is also a need to secure a strong sense of a student’s language, his home setting, his values, and his previous experiences in his current or previous school (Lopez-Reyna, Birnbaum, 2002). There are eight principles which are considered effective in teaching English language learners (Gersten and Jimenez, 1994). These principles include the need to secure higher order thinking opportunities as well as expectations, including the higher level of involvement in one’s own learning, experiences, and cultural diversity. Suggestions on the use of mediation via visual organizers and modelling the application of appropriate resources have also been made. Support for the application of collaborative and cooperative learning has also been advocated (Calderon, et.al., 2011). A determination on which language to use for learning impaired students has often been posed. Even as the benefits of ensuring instruction in a child’s primary language has been seen in terms of general education settings, it is not clear how the learning should unfold for learning impaired students (Lopez-Reyna, 2002). Using English can be a challenge because it would take years to master the language for second language learners. In effect, teaching academic skills to students in their native language seems to be the more effective method of teaching

Emulsion Technology Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Emulsion Technology - Lab Report Example   An emulsion is a setup of two immiscible liquid phases with one of them dispersed throughout the other in form of tiny and fine droplets. The phase consisting of tiny droplets is defined as the internal or dispersed phase whereas the suspension phase is classified as the external or continuous phase. Water and oil are the two major constituents of pharmaceutical emulsions. An aqueous continuous phase will render the emulsion as oil-in-water (o/w) whereas an oily continuous phase will make a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion. The stability of an emulsion is dependent on the characteristics of the interfacial film. Addition of an emulsifying agent lowers the interfacial tension and increases the stability of the emulsion. A wide variety of these substances are available: e.g. egg yolk, Cetearyl Alcohol, Polysorbate 20, 20 etc. In the past emulsions have been used to impart paraffin oil and other oily substances in a more palatable form (Aulton 1988, p. 93). Nowadays emulsions are very co mmon in foods, cosmetics, personal hygiene and especially pharmaceuticals. Creams, ointments, liniments, pastes, and films are some examples of pharmaceutical emulsions. They are classified according to the oil and water content in each of the preparation and also on their routes of administration (Troy, Remington & Beringer 2006, p. 886-887). To achieve the production of a stabilized emulsion this experimented was conducted in order to formulate a scientific method of emulsion design. MATERIALS & METHOD A condensed film consisting of an oil-soluble component (OSC) and a water-soluble component (WSC) in a ratio of 9:1 for the required o/w emulsion is needed at the interface between oil and water in order to achieve the best result. MATERIALS Liquid Paraffin, Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan mono-oleate, Span 80 (sorbitan mono-oleate) Span 80 is selected as the OSC while Tween 80 is selected as the WSC at total blend concentration of 2% w/v. Both compartments are then administer ed into screw via a burette and then labeled. The vials are agitated by inversion and then emulsified by drawing into and expelling from a syringe three times. Six different formulations were prepared with varying ratios of Span 80 and Tween 80. The HLB of each formulation was calculated from the equation given below, so as to determine the required HLB of the oil. HLB [formula] = f [OSC] . HLB [OSC] + (1-f) [WSC] .  

REDD+ Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

REDD+ - Article Example The REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and + refers to conservation and enhancement of carbon stocks) program has been created to reduce carbon emissions from forest lands and to contribute towards sustainable management of the forest ecosystems. Carbon emissions resulting from degradation of forest lands and deforestation carried out for agricultural purposes, infrastructure development, and creation of pasture lands and emissions resulting from forest fires, all contribute about 20% greenhouse gas emissions. It has been well documented that such emissions will have a major impact on the global average temperature. Concrete steps need to be taken to stabilize the average temperature within two degree Celsius and the REDD program has been created with this vision. Through the program developing countries are provided results-based incentives and support for capacity building to reduce the green house gas emissions and implement strategies to conserve the natural ecosystems and more specifically the forest carbon stocks as these have the potential to reduce climatic changes (http://www.un-redd.org; The UN-REDD Programme, n.d; Vhugen, Aguilar & Miner, 2012). In order to further assist developing countries to reduce forest carbon emissions a collaborative program with the UN was launched in the year 2008. The program was initiated with nine pilot countries from 3 continents: Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania and Zambia from Africa; Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Vietnam from Asia-Pacific; Bolivia, Panama and Paraguay from the Latin America and the Caribbean. This program now supports operations in 44 partner countries in designing and implementing the REDD program. Additionally it also helps the participating counties to develop strategies, monitor the system effectively and provides methods, data and tools for the implementation of the program. The program is implemented country-wise and with the feedback given by other coun tries it supports the conservation of forest lands and reduces deforestation. There has been a gradual rise in the funding for the program as more countries have expressed interest in the program. In addition to the programs formulated for specific countries, the UN-REDD also supports REDD+ readiness through a Global Program in which policies and strategies are commonly developed to help countries in their REDD+ readiness efforts. The UN-REDD program also receives expertise on various issues related to conservation from three other participating organizations namely the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (The UN-REDD Programme, n.d). Members of the REDD+ program recently recognized the increasing responsibilities of legislators in passing laws and preparing budgets and in order to strengthen the parliamentary role in reducing emissions it has introduced a Globe Legislature Forest Init iative. Through this program legislators can help in reducing deforestation and emissions by providing governmental support, law enforcement, financial scrutiny and accountability. Through this initiative legislation and policies could be shared between nations and thereby contribute to the success of the program.

Business Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Leadership - Essay Example Good communication skills includes sending the appropriate message, to the correct audience, in such a fashion that others will be inspired to listen. One expert in leadership suggests that â€Å"if you don’t believe in it, no one else will† (Forster, 2009, 323). This suggests a leader who maintains high volumes of outward self-confidence and uses an effective scan of the audience in order to choose the best methodology for getting others to believe in your own personal or business-related vision. Ralph Nader, a high-profile consumer advocate in the United States, who is actively involved in political affairs for the betterment of citizens, offers that â€Å"the function of leadership is to produce more leaders, not more followers† (Ruperalia, 2007). Having quality communication skills, especially in the business environment, will engage others to listen to new ideas and be flexible in the face of developing business situations. Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft Corporation and one of the world’s most high-profile billionaires, offers that he is â€Å"a great believer in any tool that enhances communication has profound effects in terms of how people can learn from each other† (Bagyura, 2007, 20). Gates has been actively involved in community and charity work on an international level for many years since the inception of Microsoft and uses his quality communication skills in public meetings, annual reports, and live news broadcasts.

Emulsion Technology Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Emulsion Technology - Lab Report Example   An emulsion is a setup of two immiscible liquid phases with one of them dispersed throughout the other in form of tiny and fine droplets. The phase consisting of tiny droplets is defined as the internal or dispersed phase whereas the suspension phase is classified as the external or continuous phase. Water and oil are the two major constituents of pharmaceutical emulsions. An aqueous continuous phase will render the emulsion as oil-in-water (o/w) whereas an oily continuous phase will make a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion. The stability of an emulsion is dependent on the characteristics of the interfacial film. Addition of an emulsifying agent lowers the interfacial tension and increases the stability of the emulsion. A wide variety of these substances are available: e.g. egg yolk, Cetearyl Alcohol, Polysorbate 20, 20 etc. In the past emulsions have been used to impart paraffin oil and other oily substances in a more palatable form (Aulton 1988, p. 93). Nowadays emulsions are very co mmon in foods, cosmetics, personal hygiene and especially pharmaceuticals. Creams, ointments, liniments, pastes, and films are some examples of pharmaceutical emulsions. They are classified according to the oil and water content in each of the preparation and also on their routes of administration (Troy, Remington & Beringer 2006, p. 886-887). To achieve the production of a stabilized emulsion this experimented was conducted in order to formulate a scientific method of emulsion design. MATERIALS & METHOD A condensed film consisting of an oil-soluble component (OSC) and a water-soluble component (WSC) in a ratio of 9:1 for the required o/w emulsion is needed at the interface between oil and water in order to achieve the best result. MATERIALS Liquid Paraffin, Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan mono-oleate, Span 80 (sorbitan mono-oleate) Span 80 is selected as the OSC while Tween 80 is selected as the WSC at total blend concentration of 2% w/v. Both compartments are then administer ed into screw via a burette and then labeled. The vials are agitated by inversion and then emulsified by drawing into and expelling from a syringe three times. Six different formulations were prepared with varying ratios of Span 80 and Tween 80. The HLB of each formulation was calculated from the equation given below, so as to determine the required HLB of the oil. HLB [formula] = f [OSC] . HLB [OSC] + (1-f) [WSC] .  

Business Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Leadership - Essay Example Good communication skills includes sending the appropriate message, to the correct audience, in such a fashion that others will be inspired to listen. One expert in leadership suggests that â€Å"if you don’t believe in it, no one else will† (Forster, 2009, 323). This suggests a leader who maintains high volumes of outward self-confidence and uses an effective scan of the audience in order to choose the best methodology for getting others to believe in your own personal or business-related vision. Ralph Nader, a high-profile consumer advocate in the United States, who is actively involved in political affairs for the betterment of citizens, offers that â€Å"the function of leadership is to produce more leaders, not more followers† (Ruperalia, 2007). Having quality communication skills, especially in the business environment, will engage others to listen to new ideas and be flexible in the face of developing business situations. Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft Corporation and one of the world’s most high-profile billionaires, offers that he is â€Å"a great believer in any tool that enhances communication has profound effects in terms of how people can learn from each other† (Bagyura, 2007, 20). Gates has been actively involved in community and charity work on an international level for many years since the inception of Microsoft and uses his quality communication skills in public meetings, annual reports, and live news broadcasts.

Keeping the Family Tradition Alive Essay Example for Free

Keeping the Family Tradition Alive Essay I started keeping my family tradition of canning alive last summer. My family has canned for years and there is nothing better than opening up something I have canned on my own and thinking of the people who shared this tradition with me. Traditions are very important to keep going in families around the world. Traditions are very broad anything from what people do on holidays to cooking. My family tradition is very important to me. I knew last year that if I didn’t learn some of my family’s secret recipes while my grandmother and mom are still with us than there would be a chance that my family would never be able to taste the wonderful flavors my family has put together over the years and my family has looked so forward to the taste that we have grown to love. Before I begin canning, I must gather all the materials that I need to get started. The first step is the selection of the tomatoes. I pick all of my tomatoes from my own garden they are so much better than anything from the grocery store. Last year I used better boy tomatoes and roma tomatoes. The roma tomatoes are great to use because they have fewer seeds, thicker, meatier walls and less water. And that means thicker sauce in less cooking time! Also, I don’t want mushy, bruised or rotten tomatoes. Next I remove the tomato skins this is very important. Nothing worse than eating spaghetti and having to chew on a piece of skin left behind. Here’s a trick my grandma taught me: put the tomatoes, a few at a time in a large pot of boiling water for no more than 1 minute. Then I plunge them into a waiting bowl of ice water. This makes the skins slide right off of the tomatoes. If the skins are left on then they become tough and chewy in the sauce, not very pleasant. Now I must remove the seeds and water. After peeling the skins off the tomatoes, I cut the tomatoes in half. I remove the seeds and excess water. I call it the squeeze of the seeds. It is just like it sounds: wash hands then squeeze each tomato and I use my thumb or a spoon to scoop and shake out most of the seeds. I do leave some of the seeds because that is my preference. I toss the squeezed tomatoes into a colander or drainer while I work on the others. By draining the water off now, I end up with a thicker spaghetti sauce in less cooking time. The next step I must do is to get the lids and jars sanitized. The dishwasher is fine for the jars, especially if it has a â€Å"sanitize† cycle. I get that going while I’m preparing everything else, so it’s done by the time I’m ready to fill the jars. While the jars and lids are being sanitized I begin getting that spaghetti sauce going. I take my onions, garlic, basil, oregano, bay leaves, green peppers, lemon juice, salt, pepper, and my burgundy and place them all in the pot first. After I get the onions and pepper a little tender I add all the tomatoes and bring to a simmer. Cook down the tomatoes until the sauce is my desired thickness. I usually let my sauce cook for about two hours. The last step I call canning time. While my sauce is simmering I get my water bath canner ready. I go ahead and feel the water up and get it boiling. I start a small pot of water boiling to put the lids in so that the lids can sanitize and helps the lids seal. When the sauce is ready I place the jar funnel on the jar and I fill them to within ? inch of the top and set the lid and hand ’tighten the ring on. I place the jars in the water bath and cook for about 20mins. I then use the jar grabber and pull the jars out one at a time and let them cool draft-free place. Once the jars are cool, I check that they are sealed verifying that the lid has been sucked down. I press down in the center gently with my finger. If it pops up and down then it is not sealed. If it don’t seal than I just replace the lid and do the canning time again. Now that all the steps are complete, I listen to all the little pings going on telling me that my hard work has paid off. I am so glad that I have learned the family tradition of canning. My grandmother has gotten older and doesn’t can anymore. Out of all my family it is just my mom, Aunt Susan, and myself left doing the canning. It was a nice reward to my sole a few weeks ago when I had my grandmother over for dinner. I had canned some beets and decided that was the day to open them. When my grandmother tried them she said, â€Å"These taste just like mine. † To hear her say that meant so much to me. I couldn’t image not having the taste of what I grew up with because they don’t sell it in the grocery store. This is why I am keeping my family tradition going and teaching my girls. We never know when our love ones are not going to be here anymore. If I can’t have my family with me I at least want to be able to remember them by creating what they have thought me. If people have something in their family that is done by others and would not want to miss it after that person is gone than learn how that special someone does it. I did that’s why I will always have that special connection with canning and my family.

The concepts of Taylorism and Fordism

The concepts of Taylorism and Fordism Taylorism is the attempt to make business decisions on the basis of data that is researched and tested quantitatively. Taylorism was advocated by Frederick Winslow Taylor, He considered it to be managements duty to identify ways in which costs could be accounted for precisely, so that efficiency could be improved. Fordism is the application of Henry fords faith in mass production run by autocratic management. This implies high division of labour and little workplace democracy, but with the consolation of high wages. Henry Ford was highly influenced by efficiency expert Frederick Taylor, he was the first to use scientific management techniques at his factory, Taylorism meant dividing vehicle production into uncomplicated repetitive steps there would be no need for skilled workers, men could learn to do any job quickly. In 1913 Ford introduced his most revolutionary change yet, his idea was, instead of workers moving around to assemble the product, why not get the product to move past the workers and thus he created the assembly line. Soon assembly lines were operational in fords factory. The lines became the key to mass production, a system that would remain nearly unchanged for most of the century. Few stood the pace of the mass production, workers began to quit, but ford was making record profits, so he could afford to increase pay. Henry Ford introduced the opportunity for a new pay system which was entirely different from Taylorism. It was a simple rule high pay for hard work. The new production methods which emerged in the early twentieth century were theorised initially, in 1911, by F. W. Taylor. Taylor coined his approach Scientific Management. Taylor had been trained as an engineer in a steel works. Taylor emphasised cooperation between management and workers. He aimed to increase productivity through reducing inefficiency caused, for example, by malfeasance. Believed that eliminating malfeasance would result in higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions (Taylor, 1967, 15). Scientific management engaged a number of advances e.g. time and motion studies Division of labour is a process where you Break a job down into small, repetitive fragments, each of which can be done at speed by workers with little formal training. (David Lines, Ian Marcouse Barry Martin, 2006) The implications of the wage system is in equilibrium the quantity of labour demanded will be the same as the quantity of labour supplied so, the market will clear and there will be no unemployment. However, by paying an efficiency-wage, above the equilibrium wage rate, the labour market is thrown into disequilibrium, creating unemployment. Taylor used his time-and-motion studies to develop a productive division of labour system. Taylor argued that even the most basic, mindless tasks could be planned in a way that dramatically would increase productivity, and that scientific management of the work was more effective than the initiative and incentive method of motivating workers. The initiative and incentive method offered an incentive to increase productivity but placed the responsibility on the worker to figure out how to do it. To scientifically determine the optimal way to perform a job, Taylor performed experiments that he called  time studies, (also known as  time and motion studies). These studies were characterized by the use of a stopwatch to time a workers sequence of motions, with the goal of determining the one best way to perform a job. It was supported on the division of work, this breaks down the industrial processes into several simple operations that could be precisely timed and organised. Taylor advocated bureaucratization of the shop floor (through time and motion study) as a means to solve the problems of coordination and reintegration raised by the increasingly complex division of labour. (Ash Amin, 1996) A well applied Taylor system would improve the labour returns, although an important limitation of Taylorism is that it treats people like machines, or even (economic) animals, whereas they do not want to be treated as though they were. It is very monotonous work with little space for any creativity. In contrast with Taylor, Ford has a great insight in the market factors, he saw and exploited the fact that mass production needs mass markets. With Fordism every worker has a specific task in a limited space, while the car bodies moved along the assembly line. But the maximised productive efficiency of the assembly line production had its drawbacks. The main problems were the extremely high rates of absenteeism and labour turnover. The costs of these problems even exceeded the very low training costs of the workers. Another problem for Fordism like production plants is that the set up is extremely expensive, and it is also very difficult to alter a product because of the standardization. T>F or F>T because(150) Bi Taylor and Ford were respectively the main thinker and practitioner of scientific management / managerial control based in deskilling / decomposition. Taylorism / scientific management: an attempt to transform the organisation of work to enhance profitability and to reduce work control based in craft skills. The gap between management and labour therefore grew vastly when the management took control of organising the labour proccess. No longer was the skilled worker irreplacable. Now one worker was much the same as another, in fact the less skilled the worker the better in Taylorist factories. Stifles creativity   Places people in vertical skill pipelines Reduces workforce flexibility demotivates many individuals Reduces teamwork Promotes boredom and staff churn Treats people as wealth producing units Promotes a division between workers and management Depending on your outlook, promotes unionism and collective bargaining Fordism is the organisation of work which extends the dynamics of Taylorism and in particular is centred on the use of the assembly-line. More broadly Fordism can be thought of as operating at the social level and centres on state efforts to harmonise mass production and mass consumption. Changes in patterns of consumption would therefore require changes in the work organization or else render Fordist production inappropriate. Some commentators have argued that such changes in consumption occurred towards the end of the twentieth century, and that now people are increasingly demanding specialized rather than standardized goods.   They argue that instead of mass markets, there are niche markets, and that, to supply these markets, work must be organized in new ways which allow for greater flexibility. They label this new approach  post-Fordism. the main changes from Fordism to post Fordism are flexible production or flexible specialization, customized production , vertical disintegration, cooperative network structure, creativity and innovation, new labour division.   Taylorism and  Fordism  increasing productivity at the expense of employee job satisfaction   Secondly, Fordism is a regime of accumulation. As a stable mode of macroeconomic growth it involves a virtuous circle of growth based on mass production, rising incomes linked to productivity, rising productivity based on economies of scale, increased mass demand due to rising wages, increased profits based on full utilisation of productive capacity and increased investment in improved mass production equipment and techniques. as a mode of regulation, Fordism appears linked to the Taylorist concepts and involves the separation of ownership from control in large corporations with a distinctive multi-divisional, decentralised organization subject to central controls. Thus, it is a mode of social and economic regulation that can also involve monopoly pricing, union recognition and collective bargaining, wages connected to productivity growth and retail price inflation with monetary emission and credit policies orientated to securing effective aggregate demand. Fordism can be seen as a general pattern of social organization. In this context it involves the consumption of standardised, mass commodities in nuclear family households and provision of collective, standardised goods and services by the bureaucratic state. It also manages the conflicts between capital and labour over both the individual and social wage the Taylorist organization of work: increasing intensification of work, deskilling, monotony and alienation lead to forms of resistance which affects the level of the regulatory interest-bureaucracy and increases costs regarding absenteeism, sloppiness and sabotage; Taylorism altered the way work takes place by(175) Fordism altered the way work takes place by(175) T>F or F>T because(150) Taylorism had a widespread influence, but in Japan working in teams was very important Both Taylorism and Fordism are justified in terms of enhancing production / profits but both require links to mass consumption. Both require large-scale production (and hence large-scale consumption) to be viable.   Most effective overall in extending Smiths division of labour altering the way in which work takes place(250) Taylorism was a tool for monopoly capital to strengthen its position

Experiencing Four Major World Religions First Hand Essay -- Islam, B

The nine-sided building and the surrounding gardens give the impression of the world view of the Baha’i faith. A component of the Baha’i world view is that all religions come from a common source. The site conveyed that unity among all religions and people is an additional view of the Baha’i. The arrangement of the house of worship, and the gardens conveyed the idea of unity. The nine sides of the house of worship, and the surrounding gardens represent that all people no matter their religion, race, or gender are welcome at this site to practice their religion. Furthermore, it also gave the impression of the view of all religions having a common source, God. Specifically, the house of worship could represent God, and the nine sides, may represent the nine major world religions, or the idea that all people are united through God. In addition, the house of worship contains symbols on the pillars of the structure. These symbols are of the nine major world religions, for example; symbols include the Christian cross, Judaism Star of David, and the nine-pointed star, which is the symbol of the Baha’i faith. These symbols on the pillars represent unity among all religions, and the idea that all the religions come from a common source, God. Information provided in the handout, video, and by the representative was quite similar to the impression given by the site itself. The representative of the Baha’i faith specifically talked about how all religions have a common source. The video, handout, and the representative explained that God revealed himself in different manifestations in different time periods. God gave the teachings for a certain time period, and then when a new time period came God revealed himself as a different manifestat... ...gion. One thing that I did not know about was the artifact with a staircase and raised platform. According to Gardner’s Art through the Ages Non-Western Perspective by Fred Kleiner, this structure is called a minbar, and it serves as a pulpit for the imam to stand on, and this is where he would speak. An imam is the leader of prayer according to Living Religions by Mary Pat Fisher. Having the opportunity to visit four different religious sights resulted in gaining new insight. However, some of the information presented was similar to my previous understandings of the religions. It was interesting to hear followers of the different religions speak about their beliefs. Overall, visiting the Buddhist temple, Sikh Religious Society, Turkish Society of Chicago, and The Baha’i House of Worship made me reconsider my previous thoughts about each of the religions.

social work :: essays research papers

Title: The consumer in-home provider satisfaction survey. Problem Statement: The practicum agency that I work at is the Allegheny County Area Agency on Aging which is located in downtown Pittsburgh. The purpose of my agency is to help senior citizens over the age of 60, who need services. I work in the PDA waiver (Pennsylvania Department of Aging) section that is made up of eight caseworkers, two typists, and one supervisor. My department’s mission is to provide current information of services and programs available to senior citizens and their families. The overall mission of the agency is to plan, organize, coordinate, convene, programs and funds where possible to the elderly of Allegheny County. The goal of my agency is to satisfy the consumer therefore, my survey will help determine how satisfied consumers are with the services they receive through the PDA Waiver program.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PDA Waiver offers home and community based services to low-income consumers as an alternative to nursing home care. The financial eligibility requirements are $2,000 in resources and less than $1,593 in monthly income. The functional eligibility requirement is that consumers must be age 60 or older and nursing home eligible. There are fourteen different services that the PDA Waiver program offers to consumers. The services are typical of those provided in nursing homes. I will be examining how satisfied the PDA Waiver consumers are with their in-home providers. In-home providers go into the home and assist consumers with actives of daily living (ADL) which include bathing, grooming, eating, transferring, and toileting. In-home providers also assist with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) such as preparing meals, laundry, shopping, transportation, and money management. I will be looking at worker timeliness, agency reliability and worker timesheet compliance. After looking at those three elements, I will compare the consumer comfort level and overall satisfaction with surveys that were conducted in the past. The results from my survey will allow my agency to work with the in-home providers that had a low score, so that the consumers are satisfied with their services. Participants: There are approximately 350 PDA Waiver consumers that receive services through my agency. I am going to do a random sample of the consumers that have been receiving services for more than one month. I will randomly choose 75 names from the list of PDA Waiver consumers that have been receiving services for at least one month.

A Step Forward Or A Step Backward Environmental Sciences Essay

Introduction:â€Å" Our mission is to be a first metals and excavation group and generate superior fiscal returns. † With this mission Vedanta group entered Indian excavation industry under the leading of Mr. Anil Agarwal ( Executive Chairman ) . Vedanta Resources Plc. signed a MoU with Orissa authorities in 1997 for mining bauxite from Niyamgiri Hills near Lanjigarh. This besides led to put up 1.75mtpa aluminum smelter at Jharsuguda, all in Odisha. Although the Alumina Refinery Project was commissioned in 2007 and the excavation undertaking was cleared by the Supreme Court of India in 2008, OMC has non yet been able to get down the excavation undertaking chiefly due to the rejection of the concluding clearance by the Ministry of Environment and Forest ( MoEF ) .[ 1 ]The instance is still held with Supreme Court of India and Vedanta has decided to close down its Lanjigarh works from December 2012 if no alternate solution comes from either province authorities or Cardinal authorities. As per VAL Chief Operating Officer Mukesh Kumar â€Å" If the state of affairs improves by December 5, the company may non close down the works † . Kumar said despite the province authorities ‘s committedness to provide natural stuff to the refinery, it has non been given ‘even one gm ‘ of bauxite so far.[ 2 ]VAL has so far invested Rs 9,000 crores in the undertaking which employs about 7,000 people, including direct occupations to 3,000 individuals. â€Å" In retrospect we feel it was a bad determination to travel for such immense investings here, † remarked a senior VAL functionary.[ 3 ]VAL ‘s determination is bound to direct a incorrect signal amongst the prospective investors, that mineral-rich Odisha, contrary to the claims of the province authorities, is far from welcoming industries.VEDANTA- About the company:â€Å" Our vision is to be a universe category, diversified resources company supplying superior returns to our stockholders with h igh quality assets, low cost operations, and sustainable development. † [ Vision: Vedanta Resources PLC. ][ 4 ] Based in London, Vedanta is a globally diversified natural resources group with wide-ranging involvements in aluminum, Cu, Zn, lead, Ag, Fe ore, oil and gas and power. Vedanta is the first Indian fabrication company to be listed on the London Stock Exchange, and continues to be a portion of the FTSE 100 Index. With experient work force of over 31,000 employees worldwide, Vedanta Resources plc is a globally diversified natural resources group with grosss in surplus of US $ 11 billion. Vedanta has operating locations in India, Zambia, Namibia, South Africa, Liberia, Ireland and Australia through assorted subordinates. Australia: Copper Mines of Tasmania: An belowground Cu excavation operations located in Tasmania with ore production capacity of 2.8mtpa. This is supplied wholly to Sterlite ‘s Cu smelter operations in India. Northern rhodesia: Konkola Copper Mines: KCM has to the full integrated Cu operations in Zambia with several mines at Konkola and Nchanga. South west africa: Sterlite own the Skorpion mine in Namibia. This plus was acquired from Anglo American ‘s Zn concern. South Africa: Sterlite owns 74 % of Black Mountain Mining in South Africa, which includes the Black Mountain Mine and Gamsberg undertaking. Liberia: Acquired Liberia Iron ore assets with an estimated 1bn tonne militias and resources in FY 2011-12. Irish republic: Sterlite picked up 100 % interest in the Lisheen Mine during the acquisition of the Zn concern from Anglo American.Vedanta in India:Sterlite Industries Limited: The concern comprises of 0.4mpta Cu smelting and refinement operations. The company is duplicating the capacity to 0.8mtpa with confined power works. MALCO: The Company has a power works with a coevals capacity of 100 MW. BALCO: A taking Indian aluminum manufacturer with operations in the province of Chhattisgarh, BALCO presently has 245ktpa smelting capacity, 810MW power coevals installations and capableness to bring forth metal bars and other value-added merchandises. BALCO has a 325ktpa smelter undertaking, a 1,200MW power works undertaking, and rights to char block of 211.0mt for confined use. Vedanta Aluminium Limited: â€Å" We will be the universe ‘s most admired company that systematically defines the prima criterions in our concerns, doing our stakeholders proud to be associated with us † , vision[ 5 ]VAL. VAL is based in eastern India and operates a 1mtpa alumina refinery at Lanjigarh. At Jharsuguda, VAL operates 500ktpa aluminum smelter and an associated 1,215MW confined power works. VAL besides has a 1.25mtpa aluminum smelter undertaking at Jharsuguda. Sesa Goa: Sesa Goa is India ‘s largest private sector Fe ore producer-exporter, with excavation and processing installations located in the provinces of Goa and Karnataka. Sterlite Energy: It has two major power works undertakings for commercial power coevals – the 2,400MW power works at Jharsuguda, Orissa of which two units were operations at the terminal of FY 2010-11, and the 2,640MW power works at Talwandi Sabo, in Punjab.The Struggle:For Vedanta Alumina signed the joint venture understanding with the OMC on October 5, 2003 for developing bauxite mines at the Niyamgiri hill near Lanjigarh in Kalahandi territory and the Khambasi hill in bordering Rayagada territory, for usage in its one-million-tonne alumina refinery being set up at a cost of Rs.4,000 crores.[ 6 ]The works got in production by taking all clearances in 2005. But the province resistance alleges that the company was yet to obtain forest clearance for its undertaking as per the Forest ( Conservation ) Act, 1980. They besides alleged that the company had cleared the site and constructed its rehabilitation settlement, office edifice, invitee house and 22 concrete pillars for the co nveyer system from the mines at the Niyamgiri hill to the works site at Lanjigarh without the blessing of the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests. This instance is under legal power of the Supreme Court of India. In behest of these allegations Vedanta is be aftering to close down the works in absence of bauxite mines.Court finding of facts:The Supreme tribunal of India nevertheless allowed Vedanta Aluminium for the excavation undertaking saying that â€Å" If M/s. SIIL is agreeable to the a bow stated Rehabilitation Package so they shall be at autonomy to travel this Court by originating a proper application. This Court is non against the Undertaking in rule. It merely seeks precautions by which we are able to protect nature and bomber service development. I.As. are disposed of consequently. †[ 7 ]The Supreme Court of India besides instructed MoEF to give the environmental clearance after necessary reviews.[ 8 ] But when the Central Empowered Committee ( CEC ) has reprimanded the Ministry in really strong linguistic communication for perfectly go againsting basic dogmas of environmental clearance process, misdemeanor of cardinal commissariats of forest clearances, raised critical issues of bearing false witness against Vedanta, MoEF and Orissa Government,[ 9 ]The Supreme Court of India instructed Vedanta Aluminium Limited to halt its enlargement on the land that it has non fulfilled the environmental clearances.[ 10 ]Environmental position:The aluminum oxide works and the excavation undertaking linked with it will hold serious inauspicious consequence on the vegetations and zoologies due to excavation, overburden dumping, building of proposed route through the dense woods, liquid and gaseous wastewaters emanations, bright light, blaring with explosives, boring and attendant quiver and dust, operation of heavy burden and unloading equipment, pollution etc. Sterlite India ‘s application to the MoEF had sought merely the environmental clearance and no forest clearance ( which, as noted earlier, are separate regulative demands ) for the refinery. However, on 16 August 2004 – after holding made the application for environmental clearance – Sterlite India sought separate permission, under the Forest Conservation Act, for the recreation of 30 hectares of protected wood land and 29 hectares of small town common belongings resource land for the refinery and the conveyer transit system that was to be used to transport bauxite from the mine site to the refinery. India ‘s environmental and forest Torahs make it compulsory for companies to obtain anterior clearances for new industrial undertakings affecting major alterations in land usage forms. The MoEF evaluates applications and grants clearances. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, regulates forest clearances, while ordinance under the 1986 Environment ( Protection ) Act governs environmental clearances.Impact on H2O governmentMany perennial watercourses originate from the Niyamgiri hill top. 22 H2O harvest home constructions are located in the foothills which provide twelvemonth unit of ammunition H2O supply. Vamsdhara and Nagvalli are two major rivers of South Orissa which emanate from this hill. The excavation of bauxite is bound to destruct the H2O reloading capacity of the hill and will besides do the desertification of perennial watercourses therefore presenting a serious hazard to the lasting beginning of H2O in this country.Disposal of Toxic wastewatersRed Mud Pond and the Ash Pond are being established on the Bankss of river Vamsdhara with a portion of the river really covered by the ruddy clay pond.A A A brassy inundation in the river can do a breach in the pool and which could ensue in a monolithic spill in the river of noxious and toxicant ruddy clay which is a mix of extremely toxic alkaline chemicals and heavy metals including radioactive component all of which could hold black effects.Impact on wildlifeThe PML ( and the Niyamgiri Hills home ground ) is extremely productive in footings ofA wildlife since it provides the valuable ‘edge consequence ‘ to wild animate beings, with unfastened grasslands as feeding infinite and neighbouring trees for shelter andA flight. Mining on the graduated table proposed in this home ground would badly upset elephant home grounds, and endanger the of import undertaking of elephant preservation in south Orissa.Applicable environment protection Acts of the Apostless:Forest Rights Act 2006 – The full PML country falls in the class of Community Forest Resource ( CFR ) as defined in subdivision 2 ( a ) of the Forest Rights Act ( FRA ) Misdemeanor of Forest Conservation Act -The Company is in illegal business of 26.123 hour angle of small town forest lands enclosed within the mill premises. The claim by the company that they have merely followed the province authorities orders and enclosed the forest lands within their mill premises to protect these lands and that they provide entree to the tribal and other villagers to their small town forest lands is wholly false.A Misdemeanor of Environment Protection Act: The Company M/s Vedanta Alumina Limited has already proceeded with building activity for its tremendous enlargement undertaking that would increase its capacity six crease from 1Mtpa to 6Mtpa without obtaining environmental clearance as per commissariats of EIA Notification, 2006 under the EPA. This amounts to a serious misdemeanor of the commissariats of the Environment ( Protection ) Act.[ 11 ]Government/OMC position:The steel and mines section and Odisha Mining Corporation ( OMC ) have expressed their inability to supply Vedanta Aluminium Ltd ( VAL ) alternative beginning of bauxite for its Lanjigarh aluminum oxide refinery because of restraints of jurisprudence even as the company has sent an progress notice for closing down of the works imputing the cause of such utmost measure to non-supply of bauxite as per the understanding with the state-run excavation company. â€Å" OMC has nil to state in this affair as our understanding with Vedanta was limited merely to excavation at Niyamagiri hills, which is sub-judice presently. Sing supply of bauxite from other beginnings, it is the sentinel of the authorities and Vedanta, † said Saswat Mishra, chairman-cum-managing ( CMD ) manager of OMC. The Odisha authorities had identified Niyamgiri mine as the initial beginning of bauxite supply and had instructed state-run mineworker OMC to organize a joint venture with Vedanta to unearth the 78 million metric ton sedimentations at the site. However, Niyamgiri excavation program was subsequently shut down by Union Ministry of Environment and Forest ( MoEF ) , which refused to give it present II forest clearance and besides withdrew the environment clearance granted earlier. VAL pointed out that the MoU included supply of extra bauxite apart from that lying in the Niyamgiri mines. So it was incumbent on the province to set up the stuff from other beginnings. However, the province has non made any effort in this respect though it possessed more than half of the state ‘s bauxite militias. A senior authorities functionary in the steel and mines section said there was no misdemeanor of the understanding as there were regulations and ordinances to present excavation rentals to companies. â€Å" I do non believe we have violated any clause mentioned in the understanding. We must follow the regulations and current patterns, † he said. In absence of the assured supply, the company had to trust upon bauxite mines of Andhra Pradesh, Chhatishgarh and Guajarat to run its refinery even though it had designed its refinery maintaining in head the locally available bauxite when it started its refinery operation five old ages ago. OMC said, at present it does non hold any other bauxite mine, but it is anticipating to acquire forest clearance for another bauxite mine at Kodingamali for which it has signed a Vedanta-like understanding with Hindalco. It has besides applied for some other mines with smaller bauxite sedimentations and has been recommended by the province authorities to run the Sasubohumali mine. In the thick of allegation that authorities is funded by Vedanta contributions,[ 12 ]13the state-owned excavation company said, even if it had other bauxite mines, it can non provide the mineral to Vedanta as this would go against the Torahs. Earlier this twelvemonth, VAL acquired interest in Raycal, a bauxite excavation company of Larsen and Turbo ( L & A ; T ) , after the issue of Dubai Aluminium Company ( Dubal ) . However, the undertaking will take approximately three to four old ages to bring forth bauxite.Vedanta Perspective:â€Å" Merely resources can assist eliminate poorness, † Agarwal had said when quizzed about environmental hazards. â€Å" We ( India ) have to utilize our resources in a sustainable mode for our development. †[ 14 ]Vedanta, which has emerged as a excavation and natural resources giant in last one decennary, had reported grosss of over USD 14 billion during the last financial. Vedanta ‘s willingness to put in Lanjigarh has been welcomed by the Government of India and the State of Odisha, and from its very origin Vedanta has known that the refinery undertaking is non the lone part to development we must do in Odisha. We have recognised that industrial development demands to be complemented by rural and other signifiers of development for those, including the Dongria Kondh and Kutia Kondh – the two tribal communities populating around the works, that may non profit straight or indirectly from the refinery ‘s activities. Against this background, the first stairss to set up the Lanjigarh Project were taken in April 1997 when Sterlite Industries and the Government of Odisha signed an MoU to make an incorporate excavation and refinement undertaking in Kalahandi. A MoU was besides signed between Sterlite Industries and Orissa Mining Corporation ( OMC ) for the supply of bauxite from nearby sedimentations, get downing with the bauxite sedimentat ions on the border of Niyamgiri hills. In 2004, the MoEF gave permission to Vedanta to put up the alumina refinery. When the refinery was established, 121 households were physically displaced. These have all been resettled in the Niyamgiri Vedanta Nagar Resettlement Colony, with 76 household members being employed with the company as lasting employees. Compensation in stead of employment is being provided to the staying households. A farther 1,745 people affected by the refinery but non physically displaced have besides been compensated at changing grades commensurate with the extent of the impact sustained by the puting up of the refinery. In all instances compensation went well beyond the legal demands.[ 15 ] Inspite of holding all the environmental clearances in 2005, allegations from the NGOs and province resistance has halted Vedanta ‘s halted program. Vedanta has besides questioned the NGOs by mentioning that NGOs have been opposing the excavation of bauxite reserved in southern portion of Odisha, but in contrast, NGOs are soundless about Fe ore excavation in Central Odisha[ 16 ]17.Global Chemical reactionsBogged by holds in land acquisitions and environmental clearances, the companies like POSCO and Arcelor Mittal have scaled down their Orissa programs while reconnoitering for alternate sites to house their mega undertakings, every bit large as 10-12 million metric tons in capacity and with investings of more than Rs 1,00,000 crore, say people connected with the concern groups and senior province authorities functionaries. South Korean steel major Posco had programs to mine ores, construct a steel works and put up a port for an estimated cost of Rs 51,000 crore. Anil Agarwal-ow ned Vedanta Resources which has invested about Rs 45,000 crore in its aluminum oxide and power refinery, had committed to pass Rs 15,000 crore in a mega university undertaking, while Arcelor Mittal said it would put Rs 40,000 crore for its steel undertaking.[ 18 ]19Closing Line:It ‘s an first-class illustration of Good administration on the portion of the MoEF and should move as a hindrance for all others who had been taking, all these old ages, authorities clearances as fait accompli and should convey in extremist alterations in their company ‘s attitudes, believing and rightful actions towards sustainable developments in the state. The companies need to eschew off from the unregulated and unchecked greed for stuff additions at the cost of damaging of our eco-system irreversibly for the following coevals to endure and cuss our coevalss.[ 20 ]But It may therefore be submitted that Vedanta Aluminium is adequate of a instance to confirm the widely held place that the Minis try of Environment and Forests has non merely colluded with bureaus engaged in serious misdemeanor of environmental and human rights, but that the Ministry itself is an bureau engaged in the active misdemeanor of waies of the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India. It compromises administrative reappraisal mechanisms with impunity and perpetrates fraud by accepting wholesome prevarications as stuff for its determinations. But for smooth FDI and promote the foreign involvement authorities should propose some redress to Vedanta Aluminium so that it make non incur immense losingss and can mine bauxite from a different beginning to prolong the Lanjigarh Project. Furthermore no less than the leading of the Ministry, that is the Union Minister for Environment and Forests and Secretary of MoEF, must be held accountable for this farce of environmental clearance mechanisms of India. The authorities should avoid policy palsy where the environmental clearance should hold been taken into history before sign language of MoU between Vedanta Aluminium and State authorities. [ Source ][ 21 ]22AbbreviationsOMC Orissa Mining Corporation MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest VAL Vedanta Aluminum Limited mtpa Million Tonnes Per Annum SIIL Sterlite Industries India Limited CEC Central Empowered Committee PML Proposed Mining LeaseExhibit -1 ( Time line- Vedanta Lanjigarh Project )YearCalendar monthIncident1997 May London-based industrialist Anil Agarwal ‘s Sterlite Industries of India Limited marks memoranda of apprehension ( MOU ) for a excavation undertaking with the Orissa authorities in 1997. 2002 June Land acquisition and a gm sabha notice issued to villagers for the â€Å" proposed Lanjigarh aluminum oxide refinery undertaking † on June 6, 2002. Harmonizing to the notice, 12 small towns would be razed, 60 households displaced and 302 households would lose their farming area when undertaking materialised. 2003 March In March 2003, Sterlite applied to the Union ministry of environment and woods ( Mo EF ) for environmental clearance for the proposed refinery. The application made no reference of the 58.9 hour angle of forestland it required. June On 07.06.2003, Sterlite entered into a Memorandum of Understanding ( for abruptly, â€Å" MOU † ) with the Government of Orissa for puting up of the IMTPA Alumina Refinery and 3MTPA of Bauxite excavation installations every bit good as for the installing of a 4 ten 25 MW confined power works, at an aggregative investing of Rs.4000 crores. August On August 16, 2003, it filed a separate request for clearances under the Forest Conservation Act ( FCA ) , 1980, through the Orissa Industrial Infrastructure Development Commission. 2004 March On March 24, 2004, MoEF informed the company that as the refinery would be dependent on the excavation proposal being cleared, the ministry would see the two proposals together. September Six months subsequently, on September 22, 2004, MOEF reversed its determination and granted the refinery environmental clearance on status that Sterlite got mining clearance before â€Å" operationalising † the refinery. The blessing missive besides stated: â€Å" The undertaking does non affect recreation of forest land. † This, despite the fact that another division of the ministry had received an application for FCA clearance for the refinery. November In November 2004, Orissa ‘s forest section sent Vedanta a show-cause notice for infringing on 10.41 estates ( 4.21 hour angle ) of small town forestland for its refinery. Around the same clip, several militants individually petitioned CEC to hold the company ‘s operations. 2005 March On March 23, 2005, after CEC questioned MoEF about the cogency of an environmental clearance, that the ministry directed VAL to hold building work boulder clay clearance was given for the 58.9 hour angle of forestland within the refinery compound. March The following twenty-four hours the company dashed off a missive to MoEF seeking backdown of its petition for forest clearance for the refinery stating it did n't necessitate the 58.9 hour angle after all. March The province authorities sent MoEF a missive urging backdown of the proposal on March 27, 2005, which happened to be a Sunday. The really following twenty-four hours, the ministry withdrew its halt work order, without trouble oneselfing to look into why the company had changed its stance. September In September 2005, CEC recommended to the Supreme Court that mining should non be permitted on Niyamgiri hill. The study was a vituperative indictment of the undertaking and questioned the unity of the governments involved. 2006 February In February 2006, the apex tribunal referred the affair to MoEF ‘s Forest Advisory Committee ( FAC ) – which looks into recreation of forestland for non-forest purposes-and asked for a study in three months. February FAC, in bend, asked the Wildlife Institute of India ( WII ) and Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited ( CMPDIL ) , to measure the undertaking for dirt eroding and impact on H2O resources. May CMPDIL, harmonizing to Vedanta ‘s attorneies ‘ statements during Supreme Court hearings on May 16 and May 18, 2007, cleared the undertaking of all water-related concerns. June However, WII ‘s study submitted in June 2006 warned that bauxite excavation in Niyamgiri tableland would destruct a specialized wildlife home ground. However, following a particular presentation by Orissa forest officers, the institute tagged on a auxiliary study in October 2006, which included a Rs 42-crore program for extenuation of impact on wildlife. September Based on the two studies, FAC recommended recreation of forestland for the excavation undertaking. September However, in another affair, the Supreme Court had already ordered a reappraisal of clearances granted by FAC after September 15, 2006, which included the VAL undertaking. December On December 8, 2006, the tribunal asked CEC to register more remarks. When the affair was heard on May 16 and 18, 2007, CEC iterated its base that MoEF had acted irresponsibly and with â€Å" undue hastiness † in allowing Vedanta clearances. 2007AWhile instance pending in the Supreme tribunal, the refinery operated with bauxite from Vedanta ‘s Chhattisgarh mines. 2008 December In-principle clearance for 660.749 hour angle of forestland for excavation was granted on December 11, 2008. 2009 April Further, in April 2009, forest clearance was given for an extra country of 33.73 hour angle. Public hearing for 6 creases enlargement of the refinery was held on April 26, 2009. April Clearance by the MoEF to the excavation undertaking of Vedanta on April 28, 2009 despite widespread protests. 2010 August Temporary backdown of clearance rights by the MoEF on the recommendations of FAC on August 24.08.10 2012 September Vedanta sought permission to close down its refinery at Lanjigarh due to scarceness of natural stuff. Shutdown will get down from December 5,2012 if the natural stuff is non made available Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cseindia.org/content/vedanta's-lanjigarh-project-refinery-and-bauxite-mining