Multicultural Organizations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Multicultural Organizations - Research Paper Example Competition is coming from all continents. Organizations are being compelled to be open to change and creative in order to remain competitive. This can only succeed through embracing diversity. Modern day management entails taking maximum advantage of workplace diversity. Managing diversity remains one of the challenges facing organizational leadership. Organizational managers must get acquainted with the skills necessary in a multicultural environment. The setting entails competitors, employees, partners and consumers. This paper seeks to look into the characteristics of multiethnic organizations and its competitive advantages. Inter-and intra-organizational connections are growing in terms of complexity and scope. Traditional organizational model and competence needs to be extended to include cross-cultural competence. Cross cultural competence becomes an organizational competitive advantage. This is clear when an organization is operating in different cultural settings. The busine ss environment is changing rapidly. According to Lucia and Lepsinger, the rapid change is being fuelled by cost management, downsizing and intensified competition. People are viewed as the key to organizational success. The role of people in the globalization context cannot be enhanced without focus of a multiethnic or multicultural approach. Individual competence becomes useful in organizational models because they determine the organizational alignment and internal behaviors (Earley & Mosakowski, 2000). Individual competence leads to organizational competence. The changing realities of mean it’s important and timely to investigate the effect of managerial customs on multicultural organizations (Adler, 1991). Globalization efforts and consequent shift are demographics have created a state where multicultural organizations are to be accepted as norms. In the global environment, employees are able to work in person or virtually. Globalization thrives through the creation of a digital or virtual space where people from all continents adopt a global culture in the online platform. This has brought together people of different races, ethnicity and cultures (Dodd 1998). Organizations are beginning to appreciate those conventional methods of management or business may not make much difference. Organizations have been forced to look for ideas that offer a competitive advantage. Multicultural organizations are a response to the growing need for globalization and profitability (Williams &O’Reilly, 1998). There are organizations where the disabled are given preference, and the voice of the minority is protected through organizational structures. A multicultural organization is heterogeneous in nature. In a global and pluralistic society, all groups in a multicultural organization must be seen to be integral parts of the organization. Diversity is managed and accepted as part of the organizational culture (Earley & Mosakowski, 2000). Multicultural organizat ions deal with employees as individuals with unique sets of strengths and weaknesses as opposed to members of certain groups. This minimizes generalizing and stereotyping within an organization. These organizations take advantage of the abilities and exceptional skills with an aim of developing the organizational processes. Support groups are helpful is maximizing the benefits from the special groups within an organization. Multicultural organizations maintain their effectiveness through sharing responsibilities equitably. All employees are involved in review of the organizational practices and norms. The approach means that all employees are supportive of the organizational goals. Shared responsibility has implications of the behavior change and may require organizations to

A Reaction and Opinion on the TIVO Service Essay

A Reaction and Opinion on the TIVO Service - Essay Example This has happened in films for several decades: for example, the Aston-Martin cars that James Bond always drives or the prominently placed soft drinks such as Coke in many teenage films. This is starting to occur in TV programs as well. TIVO has an edge over other companies because it was the first one to offer such service, but many cable companies are now competing with them. For example, most cable companies, such as Comcast, now offer Digital Video Recorders that can be rented on a monthly basis and perform the same function as TIVO. These services are also cheaper than TIVO. Professional athletes are in the public spotlight for one simple reason. They are incredibly good at playing certain sports that many people want to watch and so they are paid a lot of money. These athletes are paid huge sums of money because of the amount advertisers will pay TV stations for the sports and the amount that fans will pay to attend the events. But unfortunately, professional athletes are also expected, for reasons that are not entirely clear, to be "role-models" for fans in general and the young in particular. For better or worse, people look up to athletes, and so parents/society expect them to act in a certain way.

Noteworthy Features of United Arab Emirates Research Paper - 1

Noteworthy Features of United Arab Emirates - Research Paper Example It is a vibrant civil society. The study also explores that folklore; education and sports play a vital role in society. UAE Architecture is an example of the combination of traditional and modern design. UAE society has built a new culture that is an example for different countries of the world. This new culture shows how a nonhomogeneous society builds a prosperous and rich country. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a diverse and multicultural society. It is home to different ethnic groups from different parts of the world. This article is about the important features of UAE society and culture. The article first gives a brief description of the concept of society and culture. Then it discusses the features of UAE society and culture thru this concept. The fundamental element of a society is a human being, an individual. A large number of individuals who live in a geographical area and share (â€Å"The cultural concept†) certain laws, customs, beliefs, norms, languages build a society. The individuals of a society may come from one ethnic group or diverse ethnic groups. If society consists of a diverse ethnic group of people, then the members of the society share different customs, beliefs, norms, and languages. The UAE society consists of diverse ethnic groups. How to define the culture of a society? There is no formal interpretation of culture. There ar e many understandings of the concept of culture. Some understanding of culture (â€Å"Culture and People†) relates to objects like music, art, food, and literature of a group of people. Edward B. Taylor (â€Å"What is culture†), an English Anthropologist, described culture as the behavior of the members of the society. Thru knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and habits members of the society express their behavior. According to Merriam Webster dictionary (â€Å"Culture†) culture is a set of customary beliefs, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group.  

Infancy and Early Childhood Paper Essay Example for Free

Infancy and Early Childhood Paper Essay I believe Piagets theory of cognitive development best explains the cognitive development both in infancy and early childhood. His theory is explained by a theory of cognitive organization called schemes. Schemes are the actions or mental representations that organize knowledge (Santrock, 2008, p. 94). According to his theory, schemes change with age; in other words, they are action-based (motor patterns) at first and then gradually change to a mental (thinking) level. There are several key terms that explain Piagets process of developmental change; those include adaptation, assimilation, accommodation, organization, and equilibration. Sensorimotor stage is the first of the Piagets theory of cognitive development. It lasts from birth to the about 2 years of age, where awareness of the world is limited to what can be known through sensory awareness and motor acts. Furthermore, Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage into six sub-stages: 1) simple reflexes; (2) first habits and primary circular reactions; (3) secondary circular reactions; (4) coordination of secondary circular reactions; (5) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity; and (6) internalization of schemes (Santrock, 2008, p. 96). †¢Reflexive Schemes: this is present in newborns. Initially, the infants actions are coordinated through reflexive behaviors, such as rooting and sucking. But gradually the infant produces behaviors that resemble reflexes in the absence of the usual stimulus for the reflex (Santrock, 2008). †¢Primary circular reactions: it develops between 1 and 4 months of age. In this stage, infants begin to adapt their reflexes to their environment; simple motor habits are centered around own body (Caulfield, 2001)†¢Secondary circular reactions: it develops between 4 and 8 months of age. The focus of infants exploration shits to external events. Infants develop awareness that objects continue to exist even when not in sight at about 8 months of age (Caulfield, 2001)†¢Coordination of secondary circular reactions: develops between 8 and 12 months of age. Infants begin to demonstrate intentional behavior and anticipate events; they coordinate separate actions to achieve desired goals (Caulfield, 2001). †¢Tertiary circular reactions: develops between 12 and 18 months of age. Infants reach an advanced level of proficiency; they begin to explore properties of objects through novel actions (Caulfield, 2001). †¢Internalization of schemes: develops between 18 and 24 months of age. Their ability to represent the external world internally begins to develop, also called as symbolic representation. Also, deferred imitation, the ability to retain and copy a representation of an observed behavior, begins to develop (Caulfield, 2001). I also believe Piagets theory best explains the cognitive development in early childhood as well. His Preoperational period, the second stage of Piagets theory of cognitive development lasts from approximately 2 to 7 years of age. In this age, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings. Not only that, they begin to form stable concepts and embark on reasoning (Santrock, 2008, p. 145). Also, egocentricism (inability to distinguish between ones own perspective and someone elses perspective) and magical beliefs also begin to play a role in childs cognitive development. There are different sub-stages of the preoperational stage. Symbolic function sub-stage is the first sub-stage of the pre-operational thought. In this stage, the child has the capability to mentally represent an object that is not physically present. This stage occurs between the ages of 2 and 4 years of age. The Intuitive Thought Sub-stage, the second sub-stage of preoperational thought that generally occurs between 4 and 7 years of age. In this stage, children are tempted to ask many questions. In other words, one of the most prominent words for the children around this age is why. There are many similarities and differences between the Piagets theory of cognitive development that explains infancy and early childhood. Similarities †¢Both the selected theories that I believe best describes cognitive development in infancy and early childhood come from Piaget. †¢Both theories have stages (Sensorimotor and preoperational) and are further divided into sub-stages. †¢Both theories rely on the assumption that infants and children actively construct an understanding of the world. †¢Both theories give a time frame of when the stages and the sub- stages occur†¢Both theories have limitations. Differences †¢Sensorimotor stage deals with infants from birth to 2 years of age and Preoperational stage deals with early childhood that generally occurs between the ages of 2 and 7. †¢Sensorimotor is the stage one of the Piagets theory of cognitive development; whereas preoperational period is stage two of his theory. †¢The limitation of the sensorimotor stages rests on the accuracy of the timing of the events that Piaget mentioned; whereas the limitation of the Pre-operational thought rests on the concepts such as centration and conservation. Therefore, in this paper, I have considered Piagets theory to explain cognitive development in both infancy and early childhood. I have also considered the similarities and differences between the two theories. References Caulfield, R. A. (2001). Infants and toddlers. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice HallSantrock, J. W. (2008). Essentials of life-span development. NY: McGraw-Hill.

The Report Of Hots Simulation Tourism Essay

The Report Of Hots Simulation Tourism Essay The main purpose of this report was to create a marketing strategy to increase the profit of the hotel. The hotel faced some difficulties with their operation and management. In order to improve those problems, the marketing plan needed to be identified and some market strategies should be formulated. The report comprised the marketing strategic plan for five years, which had been created after SWOT analysis. According to the strategies, the marketing plan had be designed an action plan which would specify activities implemented to accomplish the goals of organization. Through identifying and analyzing marketing strategic plan, the hotel could overcome their difficulties more smoothly. 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Company Background The traditional hotel was built in the 1950s and located on the seafront in a town, close to other hotels and a short distance from the main shopping centre and the nearest airport. There were good road, rail and bus links to major cities and other resorts. The hotel had 250 guest rooms with large, comfortable and vary in decorative style and standard. The hotel also provided several leisure facilities, 24 hours front desk, car parking. However, the business experienced its reduction stage by its inappropriate marketing strategy. Moreover, the business was greatly affected by competitive environment and high turnover rate of employee. 2.2 Competition Information There were three direct competitions existing in this area and competing for the same market. The Table 2-1 showed the information below. Table 2-1: General hotel information Hotel Star Rating Rooms Service Our Hotel None 250 A full service restaurant Pub bar with snack service A small swimming pool Car parking The Palace Hotel 4 Star 150 À la carte Restaurant and Coffee Shop Two bars Health Club Conference and Business Bureau Car Parking to rear The Park Hotel 3 Star 200 Restaurant Bar Small Health Club Conference Facilities and Business Services Ample Car Parking The Mariner 2 Star 70 Restaurant Bar Two Conference Rooms Car Parking Source: HOTS background document Table 2-2: Price information The Palace Hotel The Park Hotel The Mariner Weekday Room Price  £125.00  £89.00  £69.50 Weekend Room Price  £90.00  £42.50  £65.00 Lunch Price  £33.00  £25.00  £19.75 Dinner Price  £59.75  £43.50  £36.75 Tours Price  £67.50/person  £46.25/person  £41.50/person Source: HOTS market research These properties provided similar facilities and service. Furthermore, they also focused on business needs providing conference facilities, and incorporate more leisure facilities than our hotel provided. 2.3 Aims and Objectives Aim: The aim of this report was to reduce the level of staff turnover and increase the revenue of hotel. Objectives To identify current approaches to reduce staff turnover. To determine marketing strategy to increase hotel operating margins To make conclusions and recommendations for further operation. 3.0 Strategic Planning Process Olsen (2007) mentioned that in order to create company strategic plan, it was necessary to go through the strategic planning process, including several important steps and activities. Although each company had different situation and challenge, strategic planning mode was appropriate to deal with complex work including forecasting and scheduling (Wheelen and Hunger, 2006). According to the book of Marketing Management, it provided a strategic planning process which consists of several steps such as SWOT analysis, goal and strategy, programme formulation and feedback and control, respectively (Kotler and Keller, 2009). A simplified view of the strategic planning process was shown by the following figure: Figure 2-1: Strategic planning process within a business unit Source: Adapted from Kotler and Keller (2009) 3.1 SWOT Analysis According to the strategic planning process, in order to analyze the hotel environment, SWOT analysis should be adopted in this report. Glaister and Falshaw (1999) mentioned that SWOT analysis has been ranked as the most frequently used approach for analyzing the environment. The value of SWOT analysis has been promoted because of its effectiveness in identifying the main problems concerning the organization and the simplicity of its execution (Hill and Westbrook, 1997). The main purpose of implementing a SWOT analysis was usually to offer a strategic direction for organization practices (Pickton and Wright, 1998). Moreover, Dyson (2004) claimed that the ability of SWOT analysis to integrate internal and external environments of an organization allows competitive strategy formulation more easily. Other benefits of SWOT analysis include its ability to organize information, enhance a managers understanding of the business and factors affecting its performance, and improve strategic pla ns for the business (Pickton and Wright, 1998). The following analysis demonstrated the internal strengths and weaknesses of the hotel and the opportunities and threats facing the organization in the external environment. Table 3-1: SWOT analysis Strength Weakness A short distance from the main shopping centre. The rooms are large, comfortable and vary in decorative style and standard. Near airport. Good road, rail and bus links to major cities and other resorts. Good conditions on refurbishment of rooms. Enclosed garden with a small swimming pool. Old building. No Leisure Facilities, Business Services, Conference Facilities or Meeting Rooms. Not have a star rating or AA Diamond rating. Serious staff turnover problem. Opportunity Threat The local authority decided to offer economic relocation package to small and medium size firms. The resort had become a popular location for conferences. Different kinds of popular festivals and well established tourist events were often held in the town. Convenient transportations. Too many hotels entered this market. Source: HOTS background document 3.2 The Goal of Hotel After environment analysis, the hotels goals were set up. Short-Term Goals To reduce staff turnover rate. To increase customer satisfaction. To achieve lower overall costs than rivals. To increase public awareness by advertising. To change the advertising strategies according to the environment changes. Long-Term Goals To achieve a bigger market share. To achieve lower costs relative to competitors. To achieve a stronger reputation with customers than rivals. To increase hotel operating margins. To improve the quality of hotel facilities by doing refurbishments. To improve the quality of staff services by providing training programs. Intended Strategy Selection Because of competitive environment in this area, the hotel should consider strategies for gaining a competitive advantage. This section was going to list several strategies for the hotel to achieve its aim and goals. 4.1 Competitive Advantage Due to the high expenditure of hotel, it should apply Porters generic strategy theory. Porter argued that core capabilities and intangible asset resources could formulate exhilarating competitive advantage for companies (Poter, 1980). Hofer and Schendel (1978) suggested that at the business level, the most vital component of strategy was competitive advantage, which was de ¬Ã‚ ned as the unique positions an organization develops vis-a-vis its competitors through its pattern of resource deployment and decisions of scope. Porter introduced three types of generic strategy for creating a defensible position and outperforming competitors in a given industry, included overall cost leadership, di ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erentiation, and focus. After SWOT analysis and competition information, the hotel should e ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ectively utilize overall cost leadership to create defensible positions against other competitor forces. A cost-leadership strategy could offer the hotel above-average returns because it enables firms to lower prices to match or beat their rivals and still earn profits (Philips, Chang and Buzzell, 1983). Moreover, from the perspective of customers, a cost-based marketing strategy was effective because lower price offerings appeal to customers in competitive environment (Li and Li, 2008). Through the influence on a hotels competitive advantage, it could allow hotel to reach its goals (Amit, 2006). 4.2 Promotion But, how do customers choose the hotel? It was not enough for the hotel to have good products sold at attractive prices. To generate sales and profits, the advantages of products had to be communicated to customers (Sunday and Bayode, 2011). In marketing, this was commonly known as promotion. Utilizing all possible tools for promoting the product and service was known as its promotion mix. Proper implement of promotional mix could increase the market share and improve organisation growth in the face of strong competition. (Sunday and Bayode, 2011) also claimed that the promotion mixes had a stage at which it would be most effective and advertising as well as publicity were usually suitable for all stages. Considering customer requirement in different quarter, advertising and publicity were usually adopted. Through market research, the information regarding seasonal demand and advertising effectiveness were obtained. The advertising campaign was changed which was based on these two pi eces of information. When there were high requirements on a particular item, the campaign would be focused on this particular item in order to draw more public awareness since there were several choices existed in the market. For instance, conference business, meal and liquor would be the hotel main advertisements during from Quarter 1 to Quarter 1 since it was one of the peak periods for business traveler (Figure 4-1). Figure 4-1: The hotel advertising decisions Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation 4.3 Internal Marketing High employee turnover was one of the most serious phenomena in the hotel. Arnett, Laverie and McLane (2002) pointed out that successful internal marketing strategy could lead to important payoffs for an organization. The value of internal marketing stem included low employee turnover rates, an increase in service quality, and high levels of employee satisfaction. The reduction in employee turnover could decrease the cost of recruiting and training and increase their level of job satisfaction. Furthermore, it also could increase employee satisfaction and motivate staffs to be more engaged and, as a result, they were more likely to take actions that result in improved customer satisfaction and hotel profitability. 4.4 Employee Training Employee training also could improve this problem and provide other benefits. The positive relationship among employee training, job satisfaction and intention to stay had been established (Conrade and Woods, 1994; Heskett et al., 1994; Roehl and Swerdlow, 1999). Training had been linked to improve self-esteem, reduce turnover, better product and service consistency, higher satisfaction of customer, reduce cost of business, and greater job satisfaction (Roehl and Swerdlow, 1999). Through employee training, the hotel could not only build customer satisfaction and loyalty, but increase the impact on profitability and growth, which was created by satisfied, loyal, and productive employees (Chiang, Back and Canter, 2005). 4.5 Balance Scorecard Successful performance resulted from goals achievement and strategy implementation (Wu and Hung, 2008). However, the main weaknesses of strategic management practice were usually associated with the stage of implementation. Actually, Mintzberg (1994) asserted that more than half of the strategies formulated by organizations were never actually implemented. Therefore, successful strategy implementation was not only dependent on effective strategy, but also management as well as control systems. Without control systems it was argued strategy implementation would not be implemented successfully. It had been suggested that the framework of performance management such as the Balanced Scorecard could, by forming the basis of strategic control systems and offering an important link between strategy and action, assist companies to accomplish effective strategic implementation. The Balanced Scorecard took into consideration the vision and strategies of company, focusing on both  ¬Ã‚ nancial and non- ¬Ã‚ nancial performance. It monitored short-term  ¬Ã‚ nancial performance while also highlighting the benefit of long-term  ¬Ã‚ nancial metrics and competitiveness (Kaplan and Norton, 1992, 1996, 2001).This strategic control system ensured that the hotel effort put into preparing lengthy and detailed strategic plans was completely translated into action (Bungay and Goold, 1991). The scorecard measured firm performance across four balanced perspectives: financial, customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth (Atkinson, 2006). Figure 4-2: The Balanced Scorecard four main perspectives Source: Adapted from Atkinson (2006) The Balanced Scorecard could offer specific targets so that the hotel could know what to do (Corboy and OCorrbui, 1999); could motivate down the line leadership (Beer and Eisenstat, 2000; Alexander, 1985) and could clarify strategic intent into clear managerial actions (Reed and Buckley, 1988). If the Balanced Scorecard was executed completely itself, it could implement management in an evaluation of the strategic strategy and thus avoid planning errors and prevent oversight. 5.0 Performance Measures 5.1 Financial Performance First of all, training cost was one of the important elements for the hotel bankrupt. A wrong decision was made as mentioned. High training cost had been spent in Year 2 because employees always complained such as The training here is worse than the last place I worked. After increasing this cost, it did not take a turn for the better. Employees still unsatisfied and turnover rate were still high, so several weeks later, the hotel decided to increase the training spending per person, and this action leaded high expenditure. The full training spend was shown in Appendix 1. Second, advertising cost was a major expenditure in the hotel. A large amount of money was put into sales and marketing for the purpose of advertising. In low seasons, a cost control was conducted strictly. A cheaper advertising media was preferred rather than posting advertisement in Sunday Newspaper. For example, Local Weekly Newspaper for liquor advertisements was selected as promotion medium during five years. D uring peak season, more money was allocated in order to increase business traveler awareness. The most effective and efficient medium with higher costs would be chosen, such as Business Press for weekday and weekend room. Final, in the first week of Year5, a negative net income was occurred. The hotel was almost broken and running out of cash since conference facilities were conducted. A great amount of money was put into this facility (Appendix 2). This issue indicated cost control was not well in the hotel. According to the balance sheets of 5 years, a total current liability fluctuated significantly, but the total asset and the owners equity of the hotel decreased steadily from year1 to year5. The table of those items was shown down below: Table 5-1: Annual balance sheet Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total asset  £3,611,471  £3,125,194  £2,568,502  £1,883,081  £1,011,426 Total current liabilities  £85,464  £106,929  £84,000  £104,693  £64,390 Total owners equity  £3,526,007  £3,018,265  £2,484,502  £1,778,388  £947,036 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report The Table 5-2 and Figure 5-1 showed that the revenue was declining from year 1 to year 5. It was because after the hotel spent lots of money in the hotel rooms, facilities and promotion tools, customers still unsatisfied the service and usually ignored it. It was hard for the hotel to build up customer loyalty and receive more revenue. Table 5-2: Annual total revenue Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Revenue  £1,839,580  £1,238,893  £1,097,280  £949,309  £910,448 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report Figure 5-1: Annual revenue and profit Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report For net income, due to the increase in cost of sales, marketing, net income was decreased from year 1 to year 5. Moreover, the hotel had built many facilities to fulfill the market demands, a great amount of maintenance fees occurred. It caused a decrease in the hotel net income. It also conveyed that the hotel did not perform as well as previous, the profitability was decreasing. Table 5-3: Annual net income Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Net Income  £341,988  £-507,742  £-487,182  £-706,114  £-831,352 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report In the past 2 years, total room revenue was increased by  £189,910 from year 1 to year 2. It indicated that the hotel could attract more customers successfully. However, between year 3 and year 5 the revenue was decreased (Table 5-4). It conveyed that there were several problems existed such as customer had walked past it but they had never noticed it. Table 5-4: Annual room revenue Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Rooms Revenue  £463,547  £653,457  £595,299  £543,476  £523,456 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report FB department was the second largest revenue generator. It contributed almost 50% of total revenue of the hotel from year 1 to year 5. The table demonstrated a big increase from year 1 to year 2 as cost leadership strategy was adopted in year 1. However, in the following 3 year, no new strategies were applied and FB department revenue was decreased continually as the same as room department revenue (Table 5-5). Table 5-5: Annual food and beverage revenue Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Food and Beverage Revenue  £349,009  £542,118  £459,638  £365,980  £348,745 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report As the Table 5-6 showed, occupancy rate was increased steadily from year 1 to year 5. The occupancy rate was only increased by 11% from year 1 to year 2. Besides, average room rate was decreased slowly from year 1 to year 5 since environment became more competitive. In order to compete with our competitors and increase occupancy rate, declining room rate was a must. Moreover, REVPAR had also increased slowly from  £15.9 to  £17.9, and the main reason was the effect of the competitive environment. What the hotel could do was to adjust the average room rate in order to control the hotel business. Table 5-6: Annual occupancy rate, average room rate and REVPAR Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Occupancy rate 27.1% 38.2% 37.0% 34.5% 32.7% Average Room Rate  £58.76  £58.74  £55.31  £54.16  £54.82 REVPAR  £15.9  £22.4  £20.4  £18.7  £17.9 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report 5.2 None-Financial Performance Training was an important section in the hotel operation. Decisions were made according to different periods and market needs to allocate the numbers of staff in each department. And the range between the increase or decrease number of employee was  ±3. To the payroll of the employee, except the department heads were Brand 2 payments, the others were set as Brand 1. And this strategy was used from the first year to the fifth year. However, in week 62, all Brand 1 payments were changed in to Brand 2 in order to increase the employee satisfaction and reduce staff turnover. Training affected the employee quality in terms of the input of the training cost. Overall the five years operation time, training cost kept increasing each year. The hotel wanted to provide excellent service to their customer by increasing the staff quality. Better qualities of staff and service leaded to have positive feedbacks from hotel customers such like Service could not be improved much. Therefore, more pos itive feedbacks leaded to greater market awareness and share (Appendix 3). The hotel had serious staff turnover problems in several years and received not good comments from the customers such as You never see the same member of staff twice. However, after the hotel implemented the internal marketing and training, the staff turnover rate decreased significantly from 123.8% to 54.2% (Table 5-7). Table 5-7: Annual staff turnover rate Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Staff Turnover 123.8% 65.0% 76.5% 118.2% 54.2% Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report 6.0 Conclusion and Recommendations After spending 5 years to run the hotel, it was realized that there were many unpredictable incidents coming up, the management-team lacked flexible response to the upcoming challenges. Although the hotel finally bankrupted, the statistics demonstrated that the strategies had ever helped the hotel performance well in Year 2 and earned profit. The hotel market share also increased during a five-year period. Moreover, the management team solved the problem of employee turnover by increasing the training expense and salary. For future action, it suggested that due to the town had become a popular location for conferences, conference room should be built at first rather than the last year. This strategy could attract more businessmen and increased hotel competitiveness in this area. Furthermore, building conference room also had another advantage for the hotel, which provided extra facilities for customers to increase their satisfaction.

Scientific Empiricism Essay -- Essays Papers

Scientific Empiricism In 1513, Nicholas Copernicus, composed a brief theory that stated that the sun is at rest and the earth is in rotation around the sun. In 1543, just days before his death, Copernicus published this theory in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. This theory was meant to dissolve the long lived belief in Ptolemyà ­s theory which stated, "The earth was at the center because it was the heaviest of objects(Kagan331)." This was a common belief at that time, which supported the religious beliefs that the earth was the center of the universe and God in the heavens were surrounding the earth. Copernicusà ­s theory was shocking, but he published such a controversial theory without sufficient evidence, it had to be considered invalid. Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer, held a great belief in the importance of empiricism in relation to scientific theories. He was one of the greatest opposer of Copernicusà ­s On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Brahe believed the Copernicus theory was not founded on a sufficient amount of "practice." Charles W. Morris, an author of The Encyclopedia and Unified Science who specialized in Scientific Empiricism, believes that practice is found at the heart of empiricism. Morris defines the importance of practice in scientific theories as: "The activity which gives rise to the sentences of science is, like any other systematic activity proceeding in terms of rules or canons(72)." It was based on these feelings of empiricism that inspired Brahe to, "collect the most accurate astronomical data that have ever been acquired by observation with the naked eye(Kagan331)." Brahe held the common belief among empiricist that, "It is willing and able to admit i... ... been the underlying factor in many scientific advancements. Morris believes that, "It is an empiricism which, because of this orientation and the use of powerful tools of logical analysis, has become positive in temper and co-operative in attitude and is no longer condemned to the negative skeptical task of showing defects in the methods and results of its opponents(Neurath68)." The great accomplishments of Brahe, Kepler, Newton and the many others are due to the advancement of scientific empiricism. Works Cited - Kagan, Donald, Ozment, Steven, and Turner, Frank M.. The Western Heritage. Vol. 2. New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1996 - MacKinnon, Edward A.. The Problem of Scientific Realism. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts, 1972. - Neurath, Otto, et al. Encyclopedia and Unified Science. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1938. Scientific Empiricism Essay -- Essays Papers Scientific Empiricism In 1513, Nicholas Copernicus, composed a brief theory that stated that the sun is at rest and the earth is in rotation around the sun. In 1543, just days before his death, Copernicus published this theory in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. This theory was meant to dissolve the long lived belief in Ptolemyà ­s theory which stated, "The earth was at the center because it was the heaviest of objects(Kagan331)." This was a common belief at that time, which supported the religious beliefs that the earth was the center of the universe and God in the heavens were surrounding the earth. Copernicusà ­s theory was shocking, but he published such a controversial theory without sufficient evidence, it had to be considered invalid. Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer, held a great belief in the importance of empiricism in relation to scientific theories. He was one of the greatest opposer of Copernicusà ­s On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Brahe believed the Copernicus theory was not founded on a sufficient amount of "practice." Charles W. Morris, an author of The Encyclopedia and Unified Science who specialized in Scientific Empiricism, believes that practice is found at the heart of empiricism. Morris defines the importance of practice in scientific theories as: "The activity which gives rise to the sentences of science is, like any other systematic activity proceeding in terms of rules or canons(72)." It was based on these feelings of empiricism that inspired Brahe to, "collect the most accurate astronomical data that have ever been acquired by observation with the naked eye(Kagan331)." Brahe held the common belief among empiricist that, "It is willing and able to admit i... ... been the underlying factor in many scientific advancements. Morris believes that, "It is an empiricism which, because of this orientation and the use of powerful tools of logical analysis, has become positive in temper and co-operative in attitude and is no longer condemned to the negative skeptical task of showing defects in the methods and results of its opponents(Neurath68)." The great accomplishments of Brahe, Kepler, Newton and the many others are due to the advancement of scientific empiricism. Works Cited - Kagan, Donald, Ozment, Steven, and Turner, Frank M.. The Western Heritage. Vol. 2. New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1996 - MacKinnon, Edward A.. The Problem of Scientific Realism. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts, 1972. - Neurath, Otto, et al. Encyclopedia and Unified Science. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1938.

Health and social care unit 7 Essay

Behaviourist approach, people believe that behaviour has been learned when we are younger and effects us later on in life e.g. if a child is too strictly potty trained then may effect them later on in life, and could have OCD Freud believed this. Classical conditioning is a theory discovered by Pavlov a Russian physiologist he worked on dogs and the digestive system before this study people believed that saliva was produced when food in in the mouth but then Pavlov found out it happened when the dog saw the food, possibly smelling the food. Pavlov used classical conditioning, his experiment was used with a dog. When the bell rings the dog doesn’t do anything until after a while Pavlov gives the dog a treat every time the bell is rung so every time the bell rings now the dog will start salivating. This is how systematic desensitisation works, people associate a fear or a phobia by something they may of seen the say that an accident may have occurred causing the phobia e.g. if a man had a car accident and the car that crashed in to him was blue, the man may have a fear of blue now because of this (the dog learning that food comes with the ring of the bell) psychologists can help this by slowly showing the man that blue isn’t scary by talking about the colour, seeing the word written on paper then seeing the colour and being comfortable with it, this is then cured of the fear this is called the Hierarchy of fear. This reaction can’t be learned so he called this unconditioned response. This theory is what psychologists use to look at phobias, it shows that there is always something too set a behaviour off e.g. if something bad happened in your life and the most thing you remember is a poster on the wall or even a song you listened to that night, you could develop a phobia of that poster or song. The best way to help this is to find the cause and ask the patient to make a list of their worst fear about that phobia. This is where operant conditioning comes in, this is used to help peoples frame of mind, they use reinforcement techniques and create more appropriate behaviour. â€Å"Let’s say that at your house whenever someone flushes the toilet the shower gets crazy hot. After a while, you learn to jump out of the shower stream whenever you hear the toilet flush. A guest at your house won’t know that this happens, so she will jump out of the stream of water when it gets hot but not when the toilet flushes.† http://instruction.blackhawk.edu 20:39 18/12/12